Study Guide for PSB2000 Sections 06 Exam 4 Chapter 12 1 12 2 Study Hints Emotion and Aggression Cortex What are 3 aspects of an emotional state 3 aspects of an emotional state Cognition this is bad Readiness for action run away autonomic NS A feeling I m scared James Lange theory Event appraisal action emotional feeling Predictions What is the James Lange theory of emotion Know the order of the 3 aspects of an emotional state according to this theory People with weak skeletal responses paralyzed should feel less emotion NO People with weak autonomic responses pure autonomic failure should feel less emotion YES still feel emotions but not as strongly as before Enhancing someone s responses should increase emotion YES Short of breath think suffocating panic attack panic disorder Make person smile show them something potentially funny think it s funny Exceptions depression isn t cured by smiling smiles aren t necessary for the feeling of happiness What are some brain areas involved in emotion What are some examples of the right hemisphere being more responsive to emotional stimuli How is the prefrontal cortex involved in emotion Brain areas Limbic system traditionally thought of as emotion center Amygdala especially more later Strong response to all emotions Different emotions seen all over esp frontal temporal lobes and sometimes different emotions activate same regions Some cells respond mainly to pleasant pictures others to unpleasant pictures haven t seen cells specific to different types of unpleasantness fear vs anger lights up a lot especially when experiencing or recognizing on someone else disgust Also fear Insular cortex Right vs Left Hemisphere Personality More activity in left frontal cortex happier outgoing fun loving More activity in right hemisphere socially withdrawn less satisfied with life prone to unpleasant emotions Right hemisphere more responsive to emotional stimuli Activity in R amygdala more than L when listen to laughter or crying Pay attention to emotional expression on face R more than L temporal cortex Damage to R temporal cortex difficulty identifying others emotional states Prefrontal Cortex People with L hemisphere damage outperformed other groups on knowing when people were lying or telling the truth Inactivate R hemisphere can remember facts surrounding emotional events but not the emotion itself Prefrontal cortex cingulate gyrus and cortex all active when contemplating a moral decision We tend to make decisions on how they feel reason through them justify them later People with prefrontal damage tend to choose based on logic not emotion Man with prefrontal cortex damage No emotion made bad decisions could predict outcome couldn t predict feeling resulting from outcome 2 young adults with prefrontal damage in infancy Never learned moral behavior stole lied abused without guilt Inability to anticipate unpleasantness leads to bad decision making includes lack of autonomic arousal in anticipation of bad outcome What do twin studies and adoption studies tell us about the role of heredity in aggressive behavior What about smoking while pregnant Twin studies and adoption studies suggest genetic influence in violent behavior Adolescent delinquent behavior dizygotic fraternal monozygotic identical therefore more environmental contribution Adult crimes monozygotic dizygotic therefore more genetic contribution Probably adults have more control over their environment therefore magnifying the influence of the genetic contribution Adopted kids aggressive behaviors are most pronounced with biological parents with criminal records and dysfunction in adoptive family Smoking while pregnant Smoking during pregnancy correlated with increased likelihood of son to be arrested for violent criminal activities in adolescence and early adulthood Effect especially strong if mom smoked had complications during delivery Do women who smoke while pg raise their kids differently Use other drugs Have poor diet Animal studies show that prenatal nicotine exposure impairs brain development What is some evidence that low serotonin turnover is associated with aggressive behavior Low serotonin turnover in People with history of violent behavior including arson and other violent crimes Adolescents with history of aggressive behavior those with lowest turnover more likely to get in trouble again in next 2 years People released from prison lower serotonin turnover increased probability of more convictions for violent crimes Attempted suicides by violent means More common during spring when turnover is lowest Survive one attempt low turnover predicts more likely to try again in next 5 years Mice less serotonin turnover more aggressive Isolate male mice for 4 weeks increase aggression decrease serotonin turnover amount of serotonin used replaced Juveniles have lower serotonin turnover and more aggressiveness Male monkeys in natural environment lowest serotonin turnover most aggressive most injured earlier death Female monkeys with low serotonin turnover also more likely to get injured and die earlier Why would evolution select for this Maybe selects for intermediate amount of aggression because too much fear is also bad Or high risk high payoff risk dying young but if live become dominant and therefore mate more or a female would get more food for herself and offspring How is testosterone related to aggressive behavior Animals males fight over mates females fight to defend their young Men fight more than women 15 25 years of age is most common for male violence Hey that s also when testosterone is at highest level Testosterone doesn t compel violent behavior is related to it does alter autonomic responses in women decreases ability to recognize facial expression of anger increases response in amygdala to image of angry face What is the role of the amygdala in processing fear and other emotions What kinds of stimuli activate the amygdala What are some behavioral cognitive consequences of damage to the amygdala Know the experiment about the resident and intruder hamsters and the activation of the amygdala in those hamsters Input from cortex re vision hearing olfaction Output to Hypothalamus for autonomic response Prefrontal cortex to control approach and avoidance Midbrain then pons then spinal cord for startle reflex Activated during fear conditioning Damage interferes with ability to learn fear response Activated when Looking at photos of something frightening or someone looking fearful
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