PSB2000 Exam 2 1 Understand the breakdown of Central CNS vs Peripheral Nervous System PNS and the sub areas for PNS including the somatic nervous system motor for voluntary muscles and sensory and the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary muscles such as the heart intestines and other organs The autonomic nervous system breaks down further into the sympathetic fight or flight and parasympathetic vegetative systems Figure 4 1 is good for reviewing this material consists of CNS Central Nervous System 1 Brain 2 Spinal Cord part of the CNS found within the spinal column it is comprised of white and grey matter that communicates with the sense organs and muscles except those of the head consists of PNS Peripheral Nervous System 1 Somatic Nervous System motor for voluntary muscles and sensory has nerves that convey sensory information to the CNS and that transmit messages for motor movement from the CNS to the body 2 Autonomic Nervous System controls involuntary muscles such as the heart intestines and other organs sends and receives messages to regulate the autonomic behaviors of the body heart rate blood pressure respiration digestion etc The autonomic Nervous System breaks down further into Sympathetic Nervous System Fight or Flight is a network of nerves that prepares the organs for rigorous activity Increases heart rate blood pressure respiration etc Comprised of ganglia on the left and right of the spinal cord Mainly uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter Parasympathetic Nervous System Vegetative Systems facilitates vegetative non emergency responses Decreases functions increased by the sympathetic nervous system Comprised of long preganglion axons extending from the spinal cord and short postganglionic fibers that attach to the organs themselves Dominant during our relaxed states Mostly releases acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter QuickTime and a decompressor are needed to see this picture 2 What is the difference between grey and white matter in the spinal cord Where are each found and why The spinal cord is comprised of Grey Matter located in the center of the spinal cord and is densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites White Matter composed mostly of myelinated axons that carry information from the grey matter to the brain or other areas of the spinal cord Each segment sends sensory information to the brain and receives motor commands 3 What is the Bell Magendie law Need to understand dorsal ventral orientation for this Pay particular attention to the following image which might appear on the exam Figure 4 3 Bell Magenide Law entering dorsal roots carry sensory information and exiting ventral roots carry motor information Cell bodies of the sensory neurons are located in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord called the dorsal root ganglia QuickTime and a decompressor are needed to see this picture 4 What do our cranial nerves do for us in general To help out some I won t require you to be able to identify I XII on an diagram but you should be able to answer general questions about the names of the cranial nerves and whether they are for sensory or motor or both The major functions of each are in Table 4 4 or you can use the table with the mnemonics I provided in my PPT QuickTime and a decompressor are needed to see this picture Mnemonic Name Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Vegas Slot I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Auditory Statoacoustic Glossopharyngeal Vagus Spinal Accessory Accessory Sensory Afferent Motor Efferent Both Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Bad Boys Marry Handles Hypoglossal XII Money QuickTime and a decompressor are needed to see this picture 5 Know the 3 main areas of the hindbrain medulla pons and the little brain cerebellum What are the main functions of the cerebellum The hindbrain contains the reticular formation and the raphe system Know the importance of these Hindbrain bottom of brainstem cerebellum 3 main areas 1 Medulla Located just above the spinal cord and could be regarded as an enlarged extension of the spinal cord Responsible for vital reflexes such as breathing heart rate vomiting salivation coughing and sneezing 2 Pons Lie on each side of the medulla ventral and anterior Along with the medulla contains the Reticular Formation and Raphe System Works in conjunction to increase arousal and readiness of other parts of the brain Terms Reticular Formation Descending portion is one of several brain areas that control the motor areas of the spinal cord Ascending portion sends output to much of the cerebral cortex selectively increasing arousal and attention Raphe System also sends axons to much of the forebrain modifying the brain s readiness to respond to stimuli 3 Little Brain Cerebellum A structure located in the hindbrain with many deep folds helps regulate motor movement balance and coordination It is also important for shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli 6 There are 5 areas associated with the midbrain tectum superior and inferior colliculus tegmentum and the substantia nigra What is the main function of the two colliculi Sensory processing What is the substantia nigra important for Midbrain top of brainsteam 1 Tectum roof of the midbrain 2 3 Superior Colliculus Inferior Colliculus located on each side of the tectum and processes sensory information Main Function Sensory Processing 4 Tegmentum the intermediate level of the midbrain containing nuclei for cranial nerves and part of the reticular formation 5 Substantia Nigra gives rise to the dopamine containing pathway facilitating readiness for movement 7 We discussed 7 subcortical regions of the forebrain Know the major function of each Limbic System Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Basal Ganglia consists of the caudate putamen and globus pallidus Basal Forebrain nucleus basalis and Hippocampus Example I say hippocampus you say memory etc Forebrain cortex folded stuff limbic system stuff around brain stem is the most anterior and prominent part of the mammalian brain and consists of two cerebral hemispheres Consists of the outer cortex and subcortical regions Outer portion is known as the cerebral cortex Each side receives sensory information and controls motor movement from the opposite contralateral side of the body 7 subortical regions of the forebrain 1 Limbic System consists of a number of other interlinked structures that form a border around the
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