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Study Guide for PSB2000 (Sections 06) Exam 4It is always advisable to know the key terms introduced in each section. However, the study hints listed here by chapter will also help you focus on other important concepts for the exam.Chapter 12.1, 12.2 Study Hints – Emotion and AggressionWhat are 3 aspects of an emotional state?1. Cognition: assessing the situation “this is bad” “this is good”2. Readiness for action: what we do depending on the situation “run away!” “stay”3. A feeling: what is produced from that situation “I’m scared” “I’m happy”What is the James-Lange theory of emotion? Know the order of the 3 aspects of an emotional state according to this theory.- Event à appraisal à action à emotional feeling- 3 aspects of emotional state: cognition, readiness for action, a feeling.What are some brain areas involved in emotion? What are some examples of the right hemisphere being more responsive to emotional stimuli? How is the prefrontal cortex involved in emotion?- Limbic system: “emotion center”o Amygdala: fear and anger- Pre-frontal cortex: decision making- Insular cortex: experiences, recognizing faces, disgust.- Right hemisphere is more responsive to emotional stimuli:o More activity in right amygdala when listening to laughter or cryingo If right temporal cortex is damaged, it is difficult to identify other’s emotional stateso Inactive right hemisphere: can identify feelings but doesn’t actually feel emotion. What do twin studies and adoption studies tell us about the role of heredity in aggressive behavior? What about smoking while pregnant? - Studies suggest genetic influence in violent behavioro Monozygotic twins are more aggressiveo Adopted kids: aggressive behaviors are most pronounced with biological parents with criminal records and dysfunction in adoptive family- Smoking during pregnancy: high likelihood of a son to be arrested for a violent crime. o Number of cigs smoked a day correlates to violent behavior. But also mothers who smoke while pregnant don’t necessarily provide the best environment for the child. o The more cigs smoked during pregnancy, the higher chance kid will be arrested as teenager for violent crimeWhat is some evidence that low serotonin turnover is associated with aggressive behavior?- Low serotonin turnover is correlated with aggressive behavior- Incarcerated men have low serotonin turnoverHow is testosterone related to aggressive behavior?- Testosterone doesn’t compel violent behavior, but it is related to it.- Some incarcerated males have high testosterone- High testosterone in women reduces the ability to recognize facial expression of anger.What is the role of the amygdala in processing fear and other emotions? What kinds of stimuli activate the amygdala? What are some behavioral/cognitive consequences of damage to the amygdala? Know the experiment about the resident and intruder hamsters, and the activation of the amygdala in those hamsters. - Amygdala receives input from cortex like vision, hearing and smell, and sends output to different parts of the brain for responses likeautonomic response (hypothalamus), approach and avoidance (prefrontal), and startle reflex (midbrain then pons then spinal cord)- Stimuli that produce fear or anger, judging someone’s goodness or badness, trying to figure out complicated emotional stimuli, or looking at someone else’s face that depicts fear or anger active the amygdala.- Damage to amygdala: still feel emotions, but impaired in processing emotional info when it is complicated or indirect.o Trouble recognizing guilt, arrogance, anger, surprise, admiration and flirtation.o Trouble rating how trustful someone is.o Can’t recognize fear because they can’t focus on the eyes. - Resident hamster attacks the first intruder hamster, but not immediately. Resident hamster attacks second intruder hamster immediately.o If amygdala is stimulated, aggressive behavior is immediately shown. Chapter 12.3 Study Hints – Stress and HealthCan you differentiate between acute/chronic physical stressors and psychological (social) stressors?- Acute stressor: lions, bears…- Chronic physical stressor: drought, famine, parasites- Psychological stressor: relationships, debt, deathThe stress response is the body’s attempt to restore balance when demands are made on it. What two systems are important in the stress response? It would be good to have a general understanding of the mechanisms involved in both.1. Autonomic system nervous system: especially the sympathetic nervous system. “fight or flight” response that prepares the body for brief emergency responses. 2. The HPA axis (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal cortex) which is activated with prolonged stressors, beneficial in the short term but detrimental in the long term.Selye and the General Adaptation Syndrome would make excellent matching on an exam… alarm stage, resistance stage, exhaustion stage, etc. - Alarm stage: increased sympathetic nervous system activityo Inhibits digestion, growth, production and immunity.o Increases heart beat, blood pressure and breathing- Resistance stage: sympathetic response declines, HPA adrenal cortex releases cortisol and other hormones that enable body to maintain prolonged alertnesso Increased cortisol “heating the house by burning the furniture”- Exhaustion stage: after prolonged stress. Characterized by inactivity, vulnerability, and decreased energyCan you name at least three effects of severe or prolonged stress on memory? - Hippocampal neurons are killed- Decline of memory because of high cortisol- Dendrite and axon retraction- Long term depressionWe discussed growth hormone (GH) effects related to stress. Know some basic effects of GH during development and for adults and realize that glucocorticoids (released during stress – HPA axis) counteract the effects of GH! Active touch can be a GH stimulus.- GH sends energy to muscles when “fight or flight”- Adults secrete GH to heal wounds, this is released mostly during slow-wave sleep - Glucocorticoids, which are released during stress, counteract the effects of GH.What are some other hormones of the stress response?- ACHT: causes adrenal gland to secrete cortisol- GH- Glucagon: raised blood sugar- Prolactin: suppresses reproduction- Endorphins and enkephalins: analgesia (decrease pain)- Testosterone, estrogen, GH and insulin are inhibitedPsychoneuroimmunology deals with how the immune system and


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FSU PSB 2000 - Study Guide

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