Study Guide for Optional Final Exam CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Know the parts of a neuron and their functions Be able to label the parts of a neuron Dendrite receives info from axon terminal Axon carries nerve signals away from soma Myelin sheath insulates axon makes it faster Axon terminal contains synapses which release neurotransmitters Node of Ranvier gaps in myelin sheath capable of generating electrical activity to keep the action potential moving How are sensory neurons and motor neurons different from each other Motor Sensory Soma in Spinal cord Axon is nerve in body Terminals are in muscles MULTIPOLAR Soma outside of Spinal cord Very long axon Special endings in skin Terminals are in Spine UNIPOLAR What are the functions of oligodendrocytes and schwann cells Are there other types of glial cells Oligodendrocytes Myelin in CNS Schwann Myelin in PNS Astrocytes Remove waste from terminals of axons GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN What where is the blood brain barrier BBB is blood and spinal fluid in the CNS It is separate Blocks Viruses Bacteria Chemicals Allows Vitamins Glucose Psychotropic Drugs Adderall Paxil Valium Xanax If something bad gets through and damages brain cells it is very bad because they cannot be regenerated Drug use and viruses getting through can cause permanent What is gray matter White matter Gray matter is your Dendrites and Soma cell body White matter is your axon because it s covered in myelin FAT Fat is white What are the 3 primary divisions of the brain Forebrain Cerebrum thalamus hypothalamus limbic system Midbrain brain stem SUBSTANTIA NIGRA Parkinson s disease Hindbrain bodily processes Cerebellum Pons medulla oblongata For the following brain structures be able to identify them on a midline section of the brain and know generally what they do medulla pons cerebellum midbrain thalamus hypothalamus pituitary gland corpus callosum Also know hippocampus and amygdala although you couldn t find them on a sagittal section of the brain because they are not midline structures Medulla vitals breathing HR Pons analysis of senses motor control Cerebellum coordination of movement Midbrain vision hearing movement Thalamus sensory and motor Hypothalamus thirst hunger circadian rhythm Pituitary gland hormone release Hippocampus learning and memory you ll never forget a hippo runnin across campus Corpus Callosum connects hemispheres communicates Cranial nerves what is their general function I ll give you this one sensory and motor for face and head know what that means How many are there 12 pairs of cranial nerves Smell vision hearing taste movement of the face Autonomic response pupil constriction salivation We discussed 2 systems the limbic system and the basal ganglia Know the general function s of each 1 Limbic emotion behavior long term memory sense of smell 2 Basal ganglia motor control and learning Be able to locate the lobes of the cortex know what primary sensory cortex is associated with each Also know which lobe contains motor cortex and prefrontal cortex Frontal Conscious thought Parietal integrating info from various senses Occipital Sense of sight Temporal Sense of smell and sound processing of others faces and scenes What are ventricles Ventricles are a system of fluid filled cavities within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid CSF It is a reservoir for hormones and nutrients Aid in protection buoyancy heavy brain doesn t feel more pressure at its base excretion of wastes What where are the meninges The meninges are the system of membranes that surrounds and protects the soft brain and spinal cord It stabilizes and protects the CNS by circulating cerebrospinal fluid CSF SPINAL CORD AND PNS Know the parts of the spinal cord dorsal horn ventral horn dorsal root ventral root central canal dorsal root ganglion Be able to label them on a figure Central Canal Dorsal Horn Skinny part of X nearest to back Dorsal fin on a dolphin Ventral Horn Ventral Horn Thicker part of X nearest to chest Know the Bell Magendie law The entering dorsal roots carry sensory information to the brain the exiting ventral roots carry motor information to the muscles and glands In other words Dorsal sensory Ventral motor Entering Dorsal roots send info to brain sensory Exiting Ventral Roots send info to muscles and glands motor Generally speaking what is a reflex A reflex is an involuntary response to sensory input Stretch reflex a muscle reflex in response to the stretching of a muscle It is monosynaptic Reflexes are modifiable because you can fight the reflex if you really really want to enough What structures comprise the CNS and what structures comprise the PNS CNS Brain and Spinal Cord PNS all of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord i ii Somatic consciouslly aware of it can control it Autonomic Controls involuntary Blood flows constrict our pupils etc etc a Sympathetic fight or flight needing energy immediately b Parasympathetic resting How is the PNS subdivided What are the distinct roles of the somatic enteric sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems Peripheral Nervous System All but brain and Spinal Cord Autonomic NS 2 neuron chain heart intestines organs Enteric NS Controls GI System Sympathetic vigorous activity fight or flight Somatic nerves going from sense organs to CNS from CNS to muscles 31 pairs Parasympathetic NS regulation of organs and glands happens unconsciously Understand the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in terms of 1 under what circumstances each one is activated and 2 physiological effects 1 when each one is activated 2 placement of ganglia as well as location of preganglionic neurons 3 length of fibers 4 neurotransmitters used 5 physiological effects Compare and contrast i ii iii iv v vi Both controlled by hypothalamus Both originate in CNS brainstem and or spinal cord but at different levels Both use 2 neuron chain with synapse b t the 2 in a ganglion The ganglia themselves are in different locations in SNS compared to ANS Both use Ach in pregalgionic cell ANS uses NE and SNS uses Ach in postgalgionic cell ie on target organ so different effects of each on the target organ ACTION POTENTIAL AND RESTING POTENTIAL When the cell is at rest which ions are most highly concentrated inside of the cell and which ones are most highly concentrated outside of the cell Na Sodium Ca2 Calcium Cl Chloride K Potassium Potassium most abundant on inside Sodium most abundant on outside What is a
View Full Document
Unlocking...