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3 3 Drug Actions and Substance Abuse In general all drugs of abuse cause dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens Okay not a question but KNOW THAT I ALL DRUGS OF ABUSE CAUSE DOPAMINE RELEASE IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS 1 What criteria are necessary to call a substance a drug A drug is an exogenous chemical meaning it is not produced by our bodies that is not necessary for normal cellular function It significantly alters the function of certain cells of the body when taken in relatively small doses Drugs are not neurotransmitters neuromodulators or hormones They are not nutrients such as proteins fats carbs minerals or vitamins 2 Stimulants know some examples of stimulant drugs What neurotransmitters do they increase What are some behavioral effects Examples of stimulant drugs Ecstasy Cocaine Amphetamine AMPH They increase dopamine by blocking or reversing dopamine transporter Amphetamine and cocaine inhibit the transporter decreasing reuptake and prolonging the effects of the released dopamine Cocaine blocks the dopamine transporter blocks dopamine from being reabsorbed through the transmitter and amphetamine reverses dopamine transporter Behavioral effects Increased excitement activity alertness and mood Decreases fatigue synapse Cocaine what is its method of action ie what does it do at a It blocks the dopamine transporter which results in dopamine staying accumulated in the synaptic cleft What does Ritalin do at the synapse How is it different from cocaine Ritalin is a Methylphenidate It like cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine The difference is the dose and time course Cocaine has a rapid effect and methylphenidate has a gradual increase followed by a slow decline It does not produce the sudden rush of excitement like cocaine does What does ecstasy do at the synapse What are the effects of long term use neurons What are some psychological cognitive effects Know examples of hormones that ecstasy affects and the behavioral result MDMA or ecstasy is a stimulant at low doses increasing release of dopamine and norepinephrine as well At recreational use which is a higher dose it increases serotonin as well Similar to amphetamine or cocaine 3 3 Drug Actions and Substance Abuse Some of the effects of long term use on neurons are the damage to neurons that contain serotonin One reason is because of the increased body temperature that harms neurons Another reason is that certain metabolites of MDMA are directly toxic to neurons Some psychological cognitive effects are long term loss of serotonin receptors persisting depression anxiety and impaired learning and memory Examples of hormones that ecstasy affects and the behavioral result Oxytocin Social attachment Vasopressin Water retention antidiuretic cause it 3 What is serotonin syndrome Understand why drug interactions could It is caused when too much serotonin is released into the body because too much of a serotonin agonist or because mixing drugs that all act in some capacity as serotonin agonists If you take more than one drug that acts as a serotonin agonist you have an overload of serotonin Drugs that act as serotonin agonists are simulants One example as a drug that acts as a serotonin agonist is ecstasy MAOI monoamine oxidase inhibitor MAO breaks down dopamine norepinephrine epinephrine and serotonin MAOIs inhibit this breakdown so those neurotransmitters are more readily available MAOI S and ecstasy together are deadly 4 What type of receptor does nicotine use What is the effect of long term nicotine use on dopamine cells Nicotine uses acetylcholine receptors The effect of long term nicotine use on dopamine cells is decreased reward by anything else By inhibiting an inhibitor the net effect is to increase dopamine release Nicotine receptors also become less sensitive to nicotine Tolerance 5 Opiates know some example What receptor do they use What is the endogenous ligand of those receptors in other words we don t have those receptors so we can use heroine why do we have them How do opioids increase dopamine in n accumbens What is methadone how does it work and why is it used clinically 3 3 Drug Actions and Substance Abuse Examples of Opiates Morphine heroin and methadone Opioid receptor agonists The endogenous ligand of these receptors is because our body produces molecules that use it for decreasing stress and pain They increase dopamine in nucleus accumbens by binding to opioid receptors they are inhibitory So they inhibit GABA neurons so that the GABA neurons do not disinhibit dopamine neurons Methadone is a pill that is taken to combat addiction It is more controlled than heroin or morphine It enters the blood and brain barrier slowly instead of all at once like other opioids It has gradual effects and less extreme withdrawal It s combined with naloxone so people don t inject it If its injected or snorted the naloxone isn t broken down like it is by stomach fluids so the pill is ineffective 6 Cannabinoids How do they increase dopamine in n accumbens What are some medicinal uses What are some psychological effects What are some withdrawal symptoms reported by heavy smokers Cannabinoids increase dopamine in the nucleus accumbens by inhibiting GABA in the VTA which results in more dopamine to nucleus accumbens Much like opiates but less potent Some medical uses are to relieve pain or nausea combat glaucoma and to increase appetite Munchies Some psychological effects are the illusion that time has slowed down and an intensification of sensory experience Some withdrawal symptoms reported by heavy smokers are impairments of memory and cognition do to glutamate transmission 7 Alcohol What does it do to GABA transmission and how What does it Alcohol is a GABA agonist It pretends to be GABA It combines with GABA to produce longer than normal effects of GABA relax and distress Opens CL sodium chloride channel wider than usual It blocks activity at the glutamate receptors which are the brains main excitatory site Both of these effects lead to a decrease in brain activity 3 3 Drug Actions and Substance Abuse Described as a stimulant because it decreases brain activity in the prefrontal cortex which is responsible for inhibiting risky behaviors Also increases stimulation at dopamine receptors in nucleus accumbens 8 What type of elicit drug is Ritalin and Adderall most like It is most like amphetamine and they block dopamine and sometimes norepinephrine They are stimulants 9 What do benzodiazepines do in the brain HINT Inhibition


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FSU PSB 2000 - Drug Actions and Substance Abuse

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