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EXAM 3 INCLASS ONLINE LECTURE SUMMARIES Movement CHAPTER 8 MUSCLES 1 Smooth Muscle Found in internal organs Are long thin cells 2 Skeletal Striated Muscle Are the main movers Are Long cylindrical fibers w stripes 3 Cardiac Muscle Found in heart Fused fibers contract together Each fiber innervated by one motor neuron One motor neuron innervates many fibers MOTOR UNIT smallest functional unit Neuron meets fiber at NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION acetylcholine excites muscle contraction Antagonistic muscles work together to move perfect amount FLEXORS vs EXTENSORS MYASTHENIA GRAVIS Autoimmune Disorder Antibodies act against ACh receptors Symptoms progressive weakness rapid fatigue of skeletal muscles Physiological Basis fewer ACh receptors Morphological changes at synapse action of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE lower likelihood ACh reaches enough receptors Treatments immunosuppressants Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors FAST TWITCH FIBERS Contract and relax rapidly Anaerobic Fatigue rapidly Generate greatest force EX sprinting SLOW TWITCH FIBERS longer contraction time Aerobic Resistant to fatigue Generate less force EX walking PROPRIOCEPTORS Sensitive to position movement of muscles Detect stretch tension Allow spinal cord to adjust signal Two primary types of proprioceptors Muscle Spindles Golgi Tendon Organs Cerebellum Red Nucleus Basal Ganglia Negative Feedback stretch causes contraction Stimulates STRETCH REFLEX MUSCLE SPINDLEs Parallel to muscle Senses Stretch Muscle stretched Signal to motor neuron in spinal cord Muscle contraction GOLGI TENDON ORGANS Located in tendons connecting muscles to bone Senses Tension Vigorous muscle contraction Signal to spinal cord inhibitory interneurons Inhibit motor neuron muscle contraction Negative Feedback tension causes muscle relaxation Protects against too vigorous a contraction MOVEMENT Reflexes consistent automatic responses to stimuli EX Babinski reflex in babies when foot touched toes curl allied reflexes occur together elicit each other Ballistic Movements executed as a whole cannot be corrected not sensitive to feedback EX reflexes MOTOR PROGRAMS Neural circuits w fixed sequence of movements Built in Ex rodent grooming yawning vs learned EX gymnast pianist Central Pattern Generators Neural mechanisms that generate rhythmic motor patterns EX wet dog shake wing flapping SOMEMAJOR MOTOR AREAS OF THE BRAIN FOREBRAIN Cortex MIDBRAIN Substantia Nigra HINDBRAIN Reticular Formation MAJOR MOTOR AREAS OF THE BRAIN Primary Motor Cortex Involved with coordinated movements in several muscles leading to a specific outcome Posterior Parietal Cortex Involved with coordinating movement through the environment based on visual input Prefrontal Cortex Premotor Cortex Involved in planning movement Supplementary Cortex Involved in preparation for rapid sequences of movements PRIMARY MOTOR PATHWAYS TO SPINAL CORD DORSOLATERAL TRACT Carries axons from primary motor cortex red nucleus midbrain to spinal motor neurons Crosses over to the contralateral side at the pyramids in the ventral portion of the anterior medulla pyramidal tract Controls movements of distal limbs including hands fingers and toes Courses down the dorsolateral portion of the white matter of the spinal cord VENTROMEDIAL TRACT Carries axons from primary motor cortex vestibular nucleus tectum reticular formation other cortical areas Axons synapse on spinal interneurons and some motor neurons controlling spinal motor neurons Some of the axons cross and others don t providing bilateral innervation Controls movements of proximal limbs and axial musculature neck shoulders trunk Involved w movements and posture Courses down the ventromedial portion of the white matter of the spinal cord MOTOR FUNCTIONS OF CEREBELLUM The cerebellum contains more neurons than the rest of the brain combined Involved in Control of rapid ballistic movements including saccades Timing Establishment of new motor programs CEREBELLAR DAMAGE can lead to trouble Tapping a rhythm Reticular Formation Vestibular Nucleus Athletics Typing Speaking and writing Finger to nose test Hand clapping Simple saccades Playing musical instruments BASAL GANGLIA CAUDATE NUCLEUS PUTAMEN Primarily input area Receives info from thalamus and cortex Also receives dopaminergic projection from the substantia nigra in midbrain GLOBUS PALLIDUS Primarily an output area sends info to thalamus which sends to motor prefrontal cortex midbrain BASAL GANGLIA Role still somewhat unclear Might be involved in Organization of action sequences into chunks inhibition of specific motor responses Basal ganglia role can be known by examining Parkinson s Disease PARKINSON S DISEASE MUSCLE RIGIDITY TREMORS SLOW MOVEMENTS COGNITIVE DEFICITS DIFFICULTY INITIATING MOVEMENT DEPRESSION AFFECTS 1 IN 100 ABOVE AGE 50 CAUSED BY Degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia Nigra projecting to caudate nucleus putamen POSSIBLE CAUSES OF PARKINSON S DISEASE Early onset 50 years has a genetic component Possible environmental influence Environmental Toxins e g MPTP converted to MPP which accumulates in opaminergic neurons and kills them Cigarette Caffeine has a protective effect less likely w smoking caffeine TREATMENT FOR PARKINSON S DISEASE Unlike dopamine L dopa can cross blood brain barrier where it is absorbed by neurons and can increase dopamine production It can t restore degenerated neurons however Effectiveness declines as the disease progresses Side effects are a problem OTHER POSSIBLE TREATMENTS largely experimental Antioxidant drugs to decrease further damage Dopaminergic agonists that can cross blood brain barrier Glutamate or adenosine antagonists Inactivating electrical stimulation of globus pallidus Neurotrophins to promote growth and survival of neurons Drugs that decrease apoptosis Fetal tissue transplants Drugs that block certain calcium channels abundant in elderly brains Drugs that stimulate cannabinoid receptors 2 3 Intracellular 1 3 Extracellular Regulation of Internal States CHAPTER 10 REGULATION OF INTERNAL STATE HOMEOSTASIS Processes that maintain various physiological states within a fixed range SET POINT A specific value of an internal state that the body defends Temperature FLUID and MINERAL BALANCE BODY WATER CONTENT Between 45 70 of the body is water Individuals with more fat have less water DISTRIBUTION OF BODY WATER OSMOSIS Water moves across membrane from area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute Concentration occurs until concentration


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FSU PSB 2000 - CHAPTER 8 Movement

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