Brain and Behavior Exam 2 Review Guide CHAPTER 4 1 Understand the breakdown of the CNS vs PNS and the sub areas for PNS including the somatic nervous system motor for voluntary muscles and sensory and the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary muscles such as the heart intestines and other organs The autonomic nervous system breaks down further into the sympathetic fight or flight and parasympathetic vegetative systems Figure 4 1 is good for reviewing this material Central Nervous System CNS includes the brain and spinal cord 1 Spinal Cord part of the CNS within the spinal columns and communicates with all the sense organs and muscles except those of the head it is a segmented structure and each segment has on each side a sensory nerve and a motor nerve Gray Matter located in the center of spinal cord and is densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites White Matter composed mostly of myelinated axons that carry information from the gray matter to the brain or other areas of the spinal cord Bell Magendie law entering dorsal roots carry sensory information and exiting ventral roots carry motor infor Dorsal Root Ganglia a cluster of neurons outside the spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System PNS consists of the nerves outside the brain and spinal 2 Brain cord Somatic Nervous System motor for voluntary muscles and sensory consists of the axons conveying messages from the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to the muscles Autonomic Nervous System controls involuntary muscles such as the heart intestines and other organs Sympathetic Nervous System a network of nerves that prepare the organs for vigorous activity increases heart rate blood pressure respiration etc mainly uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter consists of chains of ganglia just to the left and right of the spinal cord s central region that are connected by axons to the spinal cord Parasympathetic Nervous System facilitates vegetative non emergency response decreases functions increased by the sympathetic nervos system comprised of long preganglion axons extending from the spinal cord and short postganglionic fibers that attach to the organs themselves dominant during our relaxed states mostly releases acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter 2 What is the difference between grey and white matter in the spinal cord Where are each found and why Gray Matter the center of the cord is densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very many neurons in the spinal cord send axons from the gray matter to the brain or other parts of the spinal cord through the white matter White Matter consists mainly of myelinated axons each segment of the spinal cord sends sensory information to the brain and receives motor commands from the brain 3 What is the Bell Magendie law Need to understand dorsal ventral orientation for this Pay particular attention to the following image which might appear on the exam Figure 4 3 Bell Magendie law the entering dorsal roots axon bundles carry sensory information and the exiting ventral roots carry motor information the axons to and from the skin and muscles are the peripheral nervous system 4 What do our cranial nerves do for us in general To help out some I won t require you to be able to identify I XII on an diagram but you should be able to answer general questions about the names of the cranial nerves and whether they are for sensory or motor or both The major functions of each are in Table 4 4 or you can use the table with the mnemonics I provided in my PPT Mnemonic Name Sensory Afferent Motor Efferent Both Sensory Sensory Motor Motor Both Motor Both Sensory Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Auditory Statoacoustic Glossopharyngeal Vagus Spinal Accessory Hypoglossal Good Vegas Slot Handles 5 Know the 3 main areas of the hindbrain medulla pons and the little brain cerebellum What are the main functions of the cerebellum The hindbrain contains the reticular formation and the raphe system Know the importance of these 1 Medulla 2 Pons 3 Cerebellum Little Brain Both Both Motor Motor contributes to the control of movement a structure located in the hindbrain with many deep folds helps regulate motor movement balance and coordination also important for shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli Reticular Formation cord Raphe System stimuli descending portion is one of several brain areas that control the motor areas of the spinal ascending portion sends output to much of the cerebral cortex selectively increasing arousal and attention also sends axons to much of the forebrain modifying the brain s readiness to respond to 6 There are 5 areas associated with the midbrain tectum superior and inferior colliculus tegmentum and the substantia nigra What is the main function of the two colliculi Sensory processing What is the substantia nigra important for 1 Tectum roof of the midbrain 2 Superior and inferior colliculus located on each side of the tectum and processes sensory information 3 Tegmentum the intermediate level of the midbrain containing nuclei for cranial nerves and part of the reticular formation 4 Substantia Nigra gives rise to the dopamine containing pathway facilitation readiness for movement main function of the two colliculi is sensory processing 7 We discussed 7 subcortical regions of the forebrain Know the major function of each Limbic System Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Basal Ganglia consists of the caudate putamen and globus pallidus Basal Forebrain nucleus basalis and Hippocampus Example I say hippocampus you say memory etc Forebrain the anterior and prominent part of the brain and consists of two cerebral hemispheres 1 Limbic System interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem motivation emotion drives and aggression 2 Thalamus Relay station 3 Hypothalamus hormone release 4 Pituitary Gland makes and releases hormones into the bloodstream 5 Basal Ganglia Motor Control also important for attention language planning and other cognitive functions Caudate Putamen Globus pallidus 6 Basal forebrain comprised of several structures that lie on the dorsal surface of forebrain Nucleus basalis recieves input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia sends axons that release acetylcholine to the cerebral cortex arousal wakefulness and attention 7 Hippocampus memory 8 Frontal Cortex decision making 9 Retina eyes 8 Ventricles are cerebrospinal fluid CSF filled cavities within the CNS
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