Study Guide for PSB2000 Sections 06 Exam 4 Emotion and Aggression Chapter 12 1 12 2 Study Hints What are 3 aspects of an emotional state Cognition this is bad Readiness for action run away autonomic NS A feeling I m scared What is the James Lange theory of emotion Know the order of the 3 aspects of an emotional state according to this theory Event appraisal action emotional feeling What are some brain areas involved in emotion Limbic system traditionally thought of as emotion center Amygdala especially more later Cortex Different emotions seen all over esp frontal temporal lobes and sometimes different emotions activate Strong response to all emotions same regions Some cells respond mainly to pleasant pictures others to unpleasant pictures haven t seen cells specific to different types of unpleasantness fear vs anger Insular cortex lights up a lot especially when experiencing or recognizing on someone else disgust Also fear What are some examples of the right hemisphere being more responsive to emotional stimuli Right hemisphere more responsive to emotional stimuli Activity in R amygdala more than L when listen to laughter or crying Pay attention to emotional expression on face R more than L temporal cortex Damage to R temporal cortex difficulty identifying others emotional states People with L hemisphere damage outperformed other groups on knowing when people were lying or telling the truth Inactivate R hemisphere can remember facts surrounding emotional events but not the emotion itself How is the prefrontal cortex involved in emotion Prefrontal cortex cingulate gyrus and cortex all active when contemplating a moral decision We tend to make decisions on how they feel reason through them justify them later People with prefrontal damage tend to choose based on logic not emotion Man with prefrontal cortex damage No emotion made bad decisions could predict outcome couldn t predict feeling resulting from outcome 2 young adults with prefrontal damage in infancy Never learned moral behavior stole lied abused without guilt Inability to anticipate unpleasantness leads to bad decision making includes lack of autonomic arousal in anticipation of bad outcome What do twin studies and adoption studies tell us about the role of heredity in aggressive behavior Twin studies and adoption studies suggest genetic influence in violent behavior Adolescent delinquent behavior dizygotic fraternal monozygotic identical therefore more environmental contribution Adult crimes monozygotic dizygotic therefore more genetic contribution Probably adults have more control over their environment therefore magnifying the influence of the genetic contribution Adopted kids aggressive behaviors are most pronounced with biological parents with criminal records and dysfunction in adoptive family What about smoking while pregnant Smoking during pregnancy correlated with increased likelihood of son to be arrested for violent criminal activities in adolescence and early adulthood Effect especially strong if mom smoked had complications during delivery Do women who smoke while pg raise their kids differently Use other drugs Have poor diet Animal studies show that prenatal nicotine exposure impairs brain development What is some evidence that low serotonin turnover is associated with aggressive behavior Mice less serotonin turnover more aggressive Isolate male mice for 4 weeks increase aggression decrease serotonin turnover amount of serotonin used replaced Juveniles have lower serotonin turnover and more aggressiveness Male monkeys in natural environment lowest serotonin turnover most aggressive most injured earlier death Why would evolution select for this Female monkeys with low serotonin turnover also more likely to get injured and die earlier Maybe selects for intermediate amount of aggression because too much fear is also bad Or high risk high payoff risk dying young but if live become dominant and therefore mate more or a female would get more food for herself and offspring Low serotonin turnover in People with history of violent behavior including arson and other violent crimes Adolescents with history of aggressive behavior those with lowest turnover more likely to get in trouble again in next 2 years People released from prison lower serotonin turnover increased probability of more convictions for violent crimes Attempted suicides by violent means More common during spring when turnover is lowest Survive one attempt low turnover predicts more likely to try again in next 5 years Aspartame NutraSweet is 50 phenylalanine American corn is also high in phenylalanine and low in tryptophan People with aggressive or suicidal tendencies should avoid these products Serotonin isn t anti aggression neurotransmitter How is testosterone related to aggressive behavior doesn t compel violent behavior is related to it does alter autonomic responses in women decreases ability to recognize facial expression of anger increases response in amygdala to image of angry face What is the role of the amygdala in processing fear and other emotions Input from cortex re vision hearing olfaction Output to Hypothalamus for autonomic response Midbrain then pons then spinal cord for startle reflex Prefrontal cortex to control approach and avoidance Activated during fear conditioning Damage interferes with ability to learn fear response What kinds of stimuli activate the amygdala Activated when Looking at photos of something frightening or someone looking fearful Judging someone s goodness or badness or when responding even to the name of someone widely known to be very bad Trying to discern complicated emotional stimuli Looking at someone else whose expression is fear or anger even if observer isn t conscious of presentation Brief presentation of image or Cortical blindness What are some behavioral cognitive consequences of damage to the amygdala Still feel emotions Impairment in processing emotional info when it is complicated or subtle or ambiguous Impairment in focusing on emotional details as opposed to other details Trouble recognizing arrogance guilt anger surprise admiration flirtation Trouble rating trustfulness in another person Especially difficult to recognize fear Why Don t focus on eyes which express fear just mouth which expresses happiness and nose Kluver Bucy Syndrome Know the experiment about the resident and intruder hamsters and the activation of the amygdala in those hamsters Hamster in cage Introduce another hamster
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