Study Guide for PSB2000 Exam 5 It is always advisable to know the key terms introduced in each section However the study hints listed here by chapter will also help you focus on other important concepts for the exam Chapter 12 1 12 2 Study Hints Emotion and Aggression What are 3 aspects of an emotional state Cognition this is bad Readiness for action run away autonomic NS A feeling I m scared What is the James Lange theory of emotion Know the order of the 3 aspects of an emotional state according to this theory Event appraisal action emotional feeling Predictions People with weak skeletal responses paralyzed should feel less emotion NO People with weak autonomic responses pure autonomic failure should feel less emotion YES still feel emotions but not as strongly as before Enhancing someone s responses should increase emotion YES Short of breath think suffocating panic attack panic disorder Make person smile show them something potentially funny think it s funny Exceptions depression isn t cured by smiling smiles aren t necessary for the feeling of happiness What are some brain areas involved in emotion What are some examples of the right hemisphere being more responsive to emotional stimuli How is the prefrontal cortex involved in emotion Personality More activity in left frontal cortex happier outgoing fun loving More activity in right hemisphere socially withdrawn less satisfied with life prone to unpleasant emotions Right hemisphere more responsive to emotional stimuli Activity in R amygdala more than L when listen to laughter or crying Pay attention to emotional expression on face R more than L temporal cortex Damage to R temporal cortex difficulty identifying others emotional states People with L hemisphere damage outperformed other groups on knowing when people were lying or telling the truth Inactivate R hemisphere can remember facts surrounding emotional events but not the emotion itself What do twin studies and adoption studies tell us about the role of heredity in aggressive behavior What about smoking while pregnant Twin studies and adoption studies suggest genetic influence in violent behavior Adolescent delinquent behavior dizygotic fraternal monozygotic identical therefore more environmental contribution Adult crimes monozygotic dizygotic therefore more genetic contribution Probably adults have more control over their environment therefore magnifying the influence of the genetic contribution Adopted kids aggressive behaviors are most pronounced with biological parents with criminal records and dysfunction in adoptive family Smoking during pregnancy correlated with increased likelihood of son to be arrested for violent criminal activities in adolescence and early adulthood Effect especially strong if mom smoked had complications during delivery Do women who smoke while pg raise their kids differently Use other drugs Have poor diet Animal studies show that prenatal nicotine exposure impairs brain development What is some evidence that low serotonin turnover is associated with aggressive behavior Mice less serotonin turnover more aggressive Isolate male mice for 4 weeks increase aggression decrease serotonin turnover amount of serotonin used replaced Juveniles have lower serotonin turnover and more aggressiveness Male monkeys in natural environment lowest serotonin turnover most aggressive most injured earlier death Why would evolution select for this Female monkeys with low serotonin turnover also more likely to get injured and die earlier Maybe selects for intermediate amount of aggression because too much fear is also bad Or high risk high payoff risk dying young but if live become dominant and therefore mate more or a female would get more food for herself and offspring Low serotonin turnover in People with history of violent behavior including arson and other violent crimes Adolescents with history of aggressive behavior those with lowest turnover more likely to get in trouble again in next 2 years People released from prison lower serotonin turnover increased probability of more convictions for violent crimes Attempted suicides by violent means More common during spring when turnover is lowest Survive one attempt low turnover predicts more likely to try again in next 5 years How is testosterone related to aggressive behavior Animals males fight over mates females fight to defend their young Men fight more than women 15 25 years of age is most common for male violence Hey that s also when testosterone is at highest level Testosterone doesn t compel violent behavior is related to it does alter autonomic responses in women decreases ability to recognize facial expression of anger increases response in amygdala to image of angry face Fig 12 10 higher T levels in people convicted of violent crime vs nonviolent crime What is the role of the amygdala in processing fear and other emotions What kinds of stimuli activate the amygdala What are some behavioral cognitive consequences of damage to the amygdala Know the experiment about the resident and intruder hamsters and the activation of the amygdala in those hamsters Input from cortex re vision hearing olfaction Output to Hypothalamus for autonomic response Midbrain then pons then spinal cord for startle reflex Prefrontal cortex to control approach and avoidance Activated during fear conditioning Damage interferes with ability to learn fear response Activated when Looking at photos of something frightening or someone looking fearful Judging someone s goodness or badness or when responding even to the name of someone widely known to be very bad Trying to discern complicated emotional stimuli Looking at someone else whose expression is fear or anger even if observer isn t conscious of presentation Brief presentation of image or Cortical blindness Damage to the Amygdala Still feel emotions Impairment in processing emotional info when it is complicated or subtle or ambiguous Impairment in focusing on emotional details as opposed to other details Trouble recognizing arrogance guilt anger surprise admiration flirtation Trouble rating trustfulness in another person Especially difficult to recognize fear Why Don t focus on eyes which express fear just mouth which expresses happiness and nose Kluver Bucy Syndrome Chapter 12 3 Study Hints Stress and Health Can you differentiate between acute chronic physical stressors and psychological social stressors Acute physical stressors Zebras lions Chronic physical stressors Drought
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