Study Guide for PSB2000 06 Exam 2 Chapter 4 Study Hints It is always advisable to know the key terms introduced in each section The study hints listed here by chapter should help you focus on other important concepts for the exam Understand the breakdown of Central CNS vs Peripheral Nervous System PNS and the sub areas for PNS including the somatic nervous system motor for voluntary muscles and sensory and the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary muscles such as the heart intestines and other organs The autonomic nervous system breaks down further into the sympathetic fight or flight and parasympathetic vegetative systems Figure 4 1 is good for reviewing this material CNS Brain and Spinal Cord communicates with the sense organs and muscles except those of the head PNS comprised of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system Somatic Nervous System has nerves that convey sensory information to the CNS and that transmits messages for motor movement from the CNS to the body Autonomic Nervous System sends and receives messages to regulate the automatic behaviors of the body heart rate blood pressure respiration digestion etc Sympathetic Nervous System a network of nerves that prepares the organs for rigorous activity increase heart rate blood pressure respiration Comprised of ganglia on the left and right of the spinal cord Mainly uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter Parasympathetic Nervous System facilitates vegetative nonemergency responses Decreases functions increased by the sympathetic nervous system Comprised of long preganglion axons extending from the spinal cord and short postganglionic fiber that attach to the organs themselves Dominant during our relaxed states Mostly releases acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter What is the difference between grey and white matter in the spinal cord Where are each found and why Grey Matter located in the center of the spinal cord and is densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites White Matter composed mostly of myelinated axons that carry information from the grey matter to the brain or other areas of the spinal cord Each segment sends sensory information to the brain and receives motor commands What is the Bell Magendie law Need to understand dorsal ventral orientation for this Pay particular attention to the following image which might appear on the exam Figure 4 3 Bell Magendie Law entering dorsal roots carry sensory information and exiting ventral roots carry motor information What do our cranial nerves do for us in general To help out some I won t require you to be able to identify I XII on an diagram but you should be able to answer general questions about the names of the cranial nerves and whether they are for sensory or motor or both The major functions of each are in Table 4 4 or you can use the table with the mnemonics I provided in my PPT Cranial Nerves allow the hindbrain to control sensations from the head muscle movements in the head and many parasympathetic outputs to the organs Mnemonic Name Sensory Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Vegas Slot Handles Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Auditory Statoacoustic Glossopharyngeal Vagus Spinal Accessory Accessory Hypoglossal I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Afferent Motor Efferent Both Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Bad Boys Marry Money Know the 3 main areas of the hindbrain medulla pons and the little brain cerebellum What are the main functions of the cerebellum The hindbrain contains the reticular formation and the raphe system Know the importance of these Medulla located just above the spinal cord and could be regarded as an enlarged extension of the spinal cord Responsible for vital reflexes such as breathing heart rate vomiting salivation coughing and sneezing Pons Lies on each side of the medulla ventral and anterior Along with the medulla contains the reticular formation and raphe system Works in conjunction to increase arousal and readiness of other parts of the brain Little Brain cerebellum A structure located in the hindbrain with many deep folds Helps regulate motor movement balance and coordination Also important for shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli Reticular Formation descending portion is one of several brain areas that control the motor areas of the spinal cord Ascending portion sends output to much of the cerebral cortex selectively increasing arousal and attention Raphe System also sends axons to much of the forebrain modifying the brain s readiness to respond to stimuli There are 5 areas associated with the midbrain tectum superior and inferior colliculus tegmentum and the substantia nigra What is the main function of the two colliculi Sensory processing What is the substantia nigra important for Tectum roof of the midbrain Superior Colliculus Inferior Colliculus located on each side of the tectum and processes sensory information Tegmentum the intermediate level of the midbrain containing nuclei for cranial nerves and part of the reticular formation Substantia Nigra gives rise to the dopamine containing pathway facilitating readiness for movement We discussed 7 subcortical regions of the forebrain Know the major function of each Limbic System Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Basal Ganglia consists of the caudate putamen and globus pallidus Basal Forebrain nucleus basalis and Hippocampus Example I say hippocampus you say memory etc Limbic System consists of a number of other interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem Includes the olfactory bulb hypothalamus hippocampus amygdala and cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex Associated with motivation emotion drives and aggression Thalamus Relay station filter for sensory info on its way to other areas Hypothalamus communicates with pituitary gland to alter hormone release Involved in feeding Pituitary Gland endocrine gland hormone producing Attached to hypothalamus by pituitary stalk Makes and releases hormones into bloodstream Basal Ganglia comprised of the caudate nucleus the putamen and the globus pallidus Associated with planning of motor movement and aspects of memory and emotional expression Also important for attention language planning and other cognitive functions Basal Forebrain compromised of several structures that lie on the dorsal surface of the forebrain Hippocampus memory Ventricles are cerebrospinal fluid CSF filled cavities within the CNS and meninges
View Full Document
Unlocking...