Study Guide for PSB2000 Exam 2 Chapter 4 Study Hints It is always advisable to know the key terms introduced in each section The study hints listed here by chapter should help you focus on other important concepts for the exam Understand the breakdown of Central CNS vs Peripheral Nervous System PNS and the sub areas for PNS including The somatic nervous system motor for voluntary muscles and sensory Has nerves that convey sensory information to the CNS and that transmit messages for motor movement from the CNS to the body The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary muscles such as the heart intestines and other organs Sends and receives messages to regulate the automatic behaviors of the body heart rate blood pressure respiration digestion etc The autonomic nervous system breaks down further into the sympathetic fight or flight and parasympathetic vegetative systems The sympathetic nervous system is a network of nerves that prepares the organs for rigorous activity Increases heart rate blood pressure respiration etc Comprised of ganglia on the left and right of the spinal cord o o o Mainly uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter The parasympathetic nervous system facilitates vegetative nonemergency responses o Decreases functions increased by the sympathetic nervous system o Comprised of long pre ganglion axons extending from the spinal cord and short postganglionic fibers that attach to the organs themselves o Dominant during our relaxed states o Mostly releases acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter What is the difference between grey and white matter in the spinal cord o Grey matter located in the center of the spinal cord and is densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites o White matter composed mostly of myelinated axons that carry information from the gray matter to the brain or other areas of the spinal cord What is the Bell Magendie law Need to understand dorsal ventral orientation for this o Bell Magendie law entering dorsal roots carry sensory information and exiting ventral roots carry motor information SAME DAVE Dorsal Afferent Ventral Efferent Pay particular attention to the following image which might appear on the exam Figure 4 3 o o o o o Dorsal towards the back o Ventral towards the front What do our cranial nerves do for us in general o o Cranial nerves allow the hindbrain to control sensations from the head muscle movements in the head and many parasympathetic outputs to the organs To help out some I won t require you to be able to identify I XII on an diagram but you should be able to answer general questions about the names of the cranial nerves and whether they are for sensory or motor or both Know the 3 main areas of the hindbrain medulla pons and the little brain cerebellum o Medulla o o o o Located just above the spinal cord and could be regarded as an enlarged extension of the spinal cord Responsible for vital reflexes such as breathing heart rate vomiting salivation coughing and sneezing Pons Works in conjunction to increase arousal and readiness of other parts of the brain Lies on each side of the medulla ventral and anterior Along with the medulla contains the reticular formation and raphe system Cerebellum What are the main functions of the cerebellum A structure located in the hindbrain with many deep folds Helps regulate motor movement balance and coordination Also important for shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli The hindbrain contains the reticular formation and the raphe system Know the importance of these The reticular formation Descending portion is one of several brain areas that control the motor areas of the spinal cord Ascending portion sends output to much of the cerebral cortex selectively increasing arousal and attention The raphe system sends axons to much of the forebrain modifying the brain s readiness to respond to stimuli There are 5 areas associated with the midbrain tectum superior and inferior colliculus tegmentum and the substantia nigra Tectum roof of the midbrain Superior colliculus inferior colliculus located on each side of the tectum and processes sensory information Tegmentum the intermediate level of the midbrain containing nuclei for cranial nerves and part of the reticular formation Substantia nigra gives rise to the dopamine containing pathway facilitating readiness for movement Parkinson s disease o What is the main function of the two colliculi Sensory processing o What is the substantia nigra important for Contains dopamine neurons that die with Parkinson s disease We discussed 7 subcortical regions of the forebrain Know the major function of each Limbic System Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Basal Ganglia consists of the caudate putamen and globus pallidus Basal Forebrain nucleus basalis and Hippocampus Example I say hippocampus you say memory etc o Limbic System Consists of a number of other interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem Includes the olfactory bulb hypothalamus hippocampus amygdala and cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex Associated with motivation emotion drives and aggression o Thalamus o Hypothalamus o Pituitary Gland o Basal Ganglia Relay station filter for sensory info on its way to other areas Involved in many other systems motor emotional memory etc Many specialized nuclei Communicates with pituitary gland to alter hormone release Involved in feeding drinking temperature regulation sexual behavior fighting arousal activity level Endocrine gland hormone producing Attached to hypothalamus by pituitary stalk Makes and releases hormones into bloodstream Comprised of the caudate nucleus the putamen and the globus pallidus Associated with planning of motor movement and aspects of memory and emotional expression Also important for attention language planning and other cognitive functions Connections with cortex and thalamus Motor control but also memory and emotional expression Lose Substantia Nigra Parkinson s Disease Lose caudate putamen Huntington s chorea Basal forebrain is comprised of several structures that lie on the dorsal surface of the forebrain Contains the nucleus basalis Receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia Sends axons that release acetylcholine to the cerebral cortex Key part of the brains system for arousal wakefulness and attention o Basal Forebrain o Hippocampus The hippocampus is a large structure located between the thalamus and cerebral cortex Toward the posterior portion of the forebrain Critical for
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