1 Exam 1 Learning Objectives Brain and Behavior PSB 2000 Lecture 1 Cells of the Nervous Systems Lecture 1 Know the different organelles and their functions 2 Understand the structure of the cell membrane 2 The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer That is two lipids tail to tail The Tail part is hydrophobic scared of water the outside and inside wall is hydrophilic loves water This water hating region on the inside means water soluble ions Sodium potassium Chloride can t get through They have to be let in through proteins called ion pumps This allows cells to regulate themselves Know the parts of a neuron and their functions Be able to label the parts of a neuron Dendrite receives info from axon terminal Axon carries nerve signals away from soma Myelin sheath insulates axon makes it faster Axon terminal contains synapses which release neurotransmitters Node of Ranvier gaps in myelin sheath capable of generating electrical activity to keep the action potential moving 3 Compare motor neurons sensory neurons How are they different from each other how are they the same Be able to draw each one Which one is multipolar and which one is unipolar 3 Soma in Spinal cord Axon is nerve in body Terminals are in muscles MULTIPOLAR Soma outside of Spinal cord Very long axon Special endings in skin Terminals are in Spine UNIPOLAR Sensory Motor 4 Know the different types of glial cells and their functions ESPECIALLY which one puts myelin on axons in the CNS and which one myelinates axons of the PNS Oligodendrocytes Myelin in CNS Schwann Myelin in PNS Astrocytes Remove waste from terminals of axons 5 Know the parts of a synapse presynaptic cell terminal postsynaptic cell dendrite or dendritic spine synaptic cleft PRE POST 4 CLEFT 6 Understand the terms afferent and efferent Afferent towards a center Efferent Away from the center 7 What where is the blood brain barrier What does it keep out let in What are the implications of this for drug use and medicine BBB is blood and spinal fluid in the CNS It is separate Blocks Viruses Bacteria Chemicals Allows Vitamins Glucose Psychotropic Drugs Adderall Paxil Valium Xanax If something bad gets through and damages brain cells it is very bad because they cannot be regenerated Drug use and viruses getting through can cause permanent damage Lecture 2 Gross Anatomy Brain 1 What is gray matter White matter Gray matter is your Dendrites and Soma cell body White matter is your axon because it s covered in myelin FAT Fat is white 2 What are some similarities and differences between human brains and the brains of other mammals Same brain areas neurotransmitters and proteins receptors Typically the brains of more intelligent species are larger than less intelligent If a species relies on a structure more than another species that structure will be larger because it is used more often EX a rat s olfactory bulb is huge in comparison to that of a human relative to size because it primarily uses smell to feed itself and navigate We have other senses to aid us in survival 3 What are the 3 primary divisions of the brain and what major structures are in those division 5 Forebrain Cerebrum thalamus hypothalamus limbic system Midbrain brain stem SUBSTANTIA NIGRA Parkinson s disease Hindbrain bodily processes Cerebellum Pons medulla oblongata 4 What comprises the brainstem A stalk like part of the brain connecting the spinal cord and forebrain Made up of Pons medulla oblongata and midbrain Cont onto next page For the following brain structures be able to identify them on a midline section of the brain and know generally what they do medulla Pons cerebellum midbrain remember the structures that we named within the midbrain thalamus hypothalamus pituitary gland hippocampus corpus callosum Medulla vitals breathing HR Pons analysis of senses motor control Cerebellum coordination of movement Midbrain vision hearing movement Thalamus sensory and motor Hypothalamus thirst hunger circadian rhythm Pituitary gland hormone release Hippocampus learning and memory you ll never forget a hippo runnin across campus Corpus Callosum connects hemispheres communicates 6 5 Cranial nerves what is their general function I ll give you this one sensory and motor for face and head know what that means How many are there 12 pairs of cranial nerves Smell vision hearing taste movement of the face Autonomic response pupil constriction salivation 6 We discussed 2 systems the limbic system and the basal ganglia Know the general function s of each Limbic emotion behavior long term memory sense of smell Basal ganglia motor control and learning Action selection the ability to decide which of several possible behaviors to execute at a given time Frontal Conscious thought Parietal integrating info from various senses Occipital Sense of sight Temporal Sense of smell and sound processing of others faces and scenes 7 What is The Binding Problem Confusion in your brain when you perceive 2 sensations happening at the same time and at the same place Remember when she discussed the mirror problem in class Clench and unclench both hands while looking at a mirror in between them both After a few minutes you will perceive the reflection of your clenching right hand as actually being your left hand 8 What are ventricles What is in them 7 Ventricles are a system of fluid filled cavities within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid CSF It is a reservoir for hormones and nutrients Aid in protection buoyancy heavy brain doesn t feel more pressure at its base excretion of wastes 9 What are the meninges and what is the general function of the The meninges is the system of membranes that surrounds and protects the soft brain and spinal cord It stabilizes and protects the CNS by circulating cerebrospinal fluid CSF 10 Know these planes of section sagittal parasagittal horizontal meninges coronal 11 Anterior posterior rostral caudal proximal distal contralateral ipsilateral Anterior frontal Posterior rear Proximal nearer to a point of reference Distal further from a point of reference Ipsilateral same side Contralateral other side 8 Lecture 3 Spinal Cord and PNS 1 Know the parts of the spinal cord dorsal horn ventral horn dorsal root ventral root central canal dorsal root ganglion Be able to label them on a figure Central Canal Dorsal Horn Ventral Horn Skinny part of X nearest to back Dorsal fin on a dolphin Thicker part of X nearest to chest Know the Bell Magendie law and understand how that incorporates the dorsal and ventral
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