Chapter 1 1 Define and discuss the field of biopsychology Biopsychology as an integrative discipline relationship a The scientific study of the biology of behavior psychology i e the b Further biology is the study of living things while psychology is the scientific study of behavior c Hebb proposed that psychological phenomena perceptions emotions thoughts memories might be produced by brain activity 2 Describe 6 areas of neuroscience that are particularly relevant to biopsychological inquiry a Neuroanatomy i Structure of nervous system b Neurophysiology i Functions and activities of nervous system ii Further how the nervous system works and how neurons communicate with each other c Neurochemistry d Neuropathology i Chemical bases of neural activity i Nervous system disorders ii Further neurodegenerative and language disorders e Neuropharmacology f Neuroendocrinology i Effects of drugs on neural activity i Interactions between the nervous system and endocrine system ii Further hormones and roles fight flight development reproduction 3 Compare the pros and cons of humans and nonhumans as subjects in biopsychological research a Humans i Pros 1 Can follow instructions 2 Report their subjective experiences 3 Are cheaper 4 Possession of human brains in general ii Cons 1 Ethically not possible to conduct research on them like it is on animals 2 Brains are more complex b Nonhumans i Pros 1 Simpler brain 2 Comparative approach study of biological processes by comparing different species Ethical reasons for conducting true experiments 3 ii Cons 1 Lack of funding 4 Explain how converging operations AKA the preponderance of the evidence contributed to the study of Korsakoff s syndrome a Malnutrition Korsakoff s i Converging operations 1 Epidemiological studies in humans 2 Studies on nutrition and alcohol exposure in animals models 3 Studies on effects of alcohol on thiamine absorption ii Data preponderance of the evidence 1 People who suffer severe malnutrition can have signs of Korsakoff s Disease a Thiamine deficiency specifically related to Korsakoff s disease 2 Alcoholics can have signs of Korsakoff s disease a Alcoholics often have poor nutrition b Alcohol interferes with absorption of thiamine 5 Describe the 4 major themes of our approach to Biopsychology a Thinking critically creatively about Biopsychology i Base thinking on the evidence presented ii Consider physiology development evolutionary history emotional state current circumstances experience function etc iii Consider the source of your information b Clinical implications i The study of diseased or damaged brains leads to new knowledge new knowledge leads to new treatments ii Research 1 Basic pure a Knowledge for knowledge s sake knowledge can generally be applied to basic research programs b Neurophysiology hematology etc 2 Applied a Use what we learn through basic research b Intended to bring about direct benefit to humankind c Epidemiology of stroke animal studies on potential treatments d Translational research i What gets us to the end result direct steps taken in practical application i e human drug trials ii Educational programs for healthy living human trials for potential drug treatments c The Evolutionary Perspective i Consideration of environmental pressures on human evolution ii May use a comparative approach d Neuroplasticity i The brain is plastic not static 6 Thinking about the biology of behavior in terms of a traditional physiological psychological dichotomy is flawed explain and discuss a Behavior is not physiological or psychological b What is psychological is physiological 7 Describe examples of the mind brain connection a Relationship i Dualism vs monism 1 Monism the mind is what the brain does b Generally what affects the brain affects the mind c Examples i The hippocampus important for memorizing info ii Contralateral neglect one side of the body only exhibits iii Blindsight iv Stimulate brain activity evoke experiences or behavioral action s tendencies 1 Wilder Penfield neurologist neurosurgeon who did a lot of surgery on epileptic people 2 Drugs of abuse stimulate certain brain regions reinforce behavior 8 Explain critical thinking and its relation to creative thinking in science See above 5a describe the 4 major themes of our approach to biopsychology a 9 Compare experiments quasiexperimental studies and case studies emphasizing the study of causal effects a Experiments involve the manipulation of variables i Causal relations can be drawn b Quasiexperimental studies study groups of subjects exposed to c Case studies focus on a single solo often test a hypothesis not conditions in the real world necessarily generalizable can be drawn i For the above 2 items associations but not causal relations Chapter 2 1 Describe Darwin s evidence for evolution a He presented 3 different kinds for species evolution including humans and argued that evolution occurs through natural selection b Specific evidence types i Fossil evidence of evolution he documented the evolution of fossil records through progressively more recent geological layers ii Structural similarities among living species i e a human s iii hand a bird s wing and a cat s paw suggest common ancestors Impact of selective breeding he pointed to the major changes that had been brought about in domestic plants and animals by programs of selective breeding 2 What is natural selection a The process through which evolution occurs i Further it is the idea that the members of each species vary greatly in their structure physiology and behavior and that the heritable traits associated with high rates of survival and reproduction are the most likely ones to be passed on to future generations 3 Why did Darwin prefer the term decent with modification to evolution a Because evolution denotes a change that will always be better than what came previously However as the environment changes preferred traits will also change therefore a trait that is advantageous to a solo at one time might be detrimental at another time if the environment has changed 4 In what ways has the human brain evolved a The human brain has increased in size during evolution b Most of the increase in size has occurred in the cerebrum c Increased convolutions folds in cortex increase the volume of the cerebral cortex outermost layer of cerebral tissue 5 Outline the mechanisms of gene expression a Strands of DNA unravel i Exposes gene to be expressed b Copy is made messenger RNA i Transcription
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