Test Two Notes Hormonal Communication Hormones made by endocrine cells Secreted into blood circulate throughout the body go to receptors Steroid hormones Types of Hormones o Lipid molecules derived from cholesterol o Gonads testes ovaries o Adrenal glands o Amino acid chain large or relatively small o Brain pituitary many organs glands thyroid pancreas liver etc Protein peptide hormones Most of hormones are these Some chemicals act as neurotransmitters and hormones oxytocin insulin epinephrine norepinephrine o Can be used through neurotransmission through terminal to another cell or as hormones into the blood supply How do hormones exert their effects on target cells By acting at receptors similar to neurotransmitters Peptide hormones stimulate metabotropic receptor on membrane Can activate biological cascades effect gene transcription or stay in Hormones activation of second messenger Goes to nucleus and 2nd messenger travels to nucleus change physiological processes same vicinity alters gene transcription turn genes on and off and enter nucleus alter protein production Intracellular binds to receptor consist of lipid molecules so go thru membrane Steroid hormones Similar Hormones and endocrine glands Many glands and organs produce and release hormones Table 3 2 p64 in 10th ed Pineal gland makes melatonin Hypothalamus Pituitary gland This is stimulated by a number of factors Every system controlled some way by hormones Blood sugar insulin glucagon Fat stores leptin More fat more leptin you produce Time of day melatonin Released by pineal gland in brain Controlled by light More when dark less when light Etc Also the hypothalamus controls hormone release by the pituitary leading to widespread effects o Pituitary hands down and produces a number of different hormones under control of hypothalamus o Hormones released affect other organs in body Pituitary Gland Endocrine gland under the control of the hypothalamus Anterior pituitary gland Endocrine make and release hormones Releasing hormones from hypothalamus to ant pit ant pit releases hormones Makes and secretes hormones and then hypothalamus stimulates it release Posterior pituitary gland Neural grows down from brain not endocrine Releases oxytocin and vasopressin made in hypothalamus Sends down axons to Post pit Released into blood from post pituitary Oxytocin Social bonding pair bonding Ecstasy releases oxytocin so makes you more lovey dovey Oxytocin also causes uterine contractions during and after childbirth Important differences b t anterior and posterior lobes of pituitary Vasopressin Pair bonding in a male Release different hormones Anterior pituitary is endocrine Posterior pituitary is neural the hormones it secretes were Hormones released by anterior pituitary made in the hypothalamus Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH adrenal cortex Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH thyroid Prolactin mammary glands throughout body Growth hormone GH also called somatotropin growth Gonadotropins follicle stimulating hormone FSH luteinizing hormone LH secretion from gonads Stimulate activity in ovaries or testes Involved in ovulation Hypothalamus pituitary target gland in body Turning off hormones Negative feedback Hypothalamus has incomplete sections and determines if it needs to adjust things Genetics Facial expressions figure 1 6 Intelligence Sexual orientation Alcoholism Psychological disorders Weight gain Aggressive behavior Etc There s no smart gene or too much TV gene Nature vs Nurture The Basics Chromosomes contain DNA Sequence of DNA gene Come in pairs like chromosomes o Sometimes genes overlap on a stretch of chromosome A gene contains information on hereditary characteristics o Hair or eye color o Height o Susceptibility to certain diseases o Although multiple genes contribute to each of these phenotypes o Often times many genes contribute We all have 46 Chromosomes 22 paired autosomal chromosomes plus 2 sex chromosomes o XX female o XY male o Chromosome 21 3 copies down syndrome o SRY gene sex determining region of the y chromosome Must be turned on to begin a male pattern of development Female is default pattern of development unless this gene is turned on single stranded RNA From DNA to Protein o Copy of a portion of DNA is o Transcription DNA to RNA o RNA moves out of nucleus into cytoplasm translates into a protein acids o Put together a line of amino o RNA to protein translation o Receptors and molecules made like this Some Genetic Terms Background of each chromosome except X and Y for men You have 2 copies So you have 2 copies versions of each gene Each version is called an allele Sometimes the alleles are the same homozygous and sometimes they are different heterozygous A gene that shows strong effect in heterozygous or homozygous condition is dominant Dominate determines phenotype what the trait looks like Tongue rolling is autosomal dominant Not on sex chromosome So is Huntington s Disease All you need is one gene from a parent A gene that shows strong effect only in homozygous condition is recessive so you need 2 copies of that version of it to see the effect Attached earlobes are recessive No such thing as brown eye gene and blue eye gene Sex Linked Genes The genes on the sex chromosomes X and Y Usually on the X b c it has lots more genes on it than the Y Consider a gene on the X chromosome A female must get it on BOTH of her X If a male gets this gene he will display the trait chromosomes to display the trait If a female has it on 1 X chromosome and not the other she is a carrier Usually have a family history otherwise due to a spontaneous mutation or deletion o X linked traits show up more in males since they only have one x Sex Linked Genes Fragile X Syndrome Red green color blindness Duchenne muscular dystrophy Hemophilia Sex Limited Genes Present in both sexes but has an effect only mostly in one sex Genes for chest hair men breast size women Genes are turned on under influence of sex hormones Estimate of how much of the variance in a characteristic within a Heritability population is due to differences in heredity genes Is a difference between you and me due more to differences in our genetics or to differences in our past present environment Examples Eye color Highly heritable TV watching neuroticism loneliness social attitudes Religious affiliation Not heritable at all Somewhat heritable How Do we Know about Heritability of Behaviors Biochemical methods Identification of certain genes linked to behaviors or
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