Test Review Questions 1 Compare dualism and materialism Dualism mind and brain are separate things there is a body that functions as a machine and a soul that creates thoughts and consciousness Materialism Mind is physically based All there is to our body is functions working together to make behaviors Biopsychology studying the functions of the brain to see their effects on our behavior and why we do what we do Underlying physiological causes of behavior 3 Know these approaches to neuroscience and what distinguishes 2 Define biopsychology each neuroanatomy neurophysiology neurochemistry neuropathology neuropharmacology neuroendocrinology Neuroanatomy the layout and organization of the nervous system Neurophysiology the functions of each brain component and the electrical component of brain activity Neurochemistry the chemical components of neural activity Neuropathology diseases and disorders of the nervous system Neuropharmacology effects of drugs on the nervous system Neuroendocrinology hormones in the nervous system 4 Compare the advantages and disadvantages of humans and nonhumans as research subjects Humans can follow instructions cheaper because they do not need to be fed or housed better relate to HUMAN research and can report to experimenters feelings etc Nonhumans more expensive but have simpler brains differences between animals and humans are often quantitative not qualitative can justify doing experiments on them more easily can test drugs and other chemicals on them without it being invasive 5 Be able to identify the independent and dependent variables in an experiment Independent Variable that is manipulated Dependent variable that changes due to that manipulation 6 Compare experiments quasiexperimental studies and case studies emphasizing the study of causal effects Quasiexperiments experiments that study natural changes not hands on manipulation less control over confounding variables variables that are changed due to circumstances outside of the experiment Can t make causal assumptions Case Studies long term thorough studies on people lacks experimental control of variables it s hard to make generalizations due to one case study Can t make causal assumptions 7 Explain how non experiments and experiments contributed to understanding the causes of Korsakoff s syndrome Case studies and quasiexperiments suggested that it was due to alcoholism however experimental research later discovered that it was actually due to thiamine deficiency and alcoholism basically just sped up the process 8 Understand the differences between applied and basic pure research and the benefit of each Applied research research that is put towards experimental work research that has a purpose is answering a question solving a problem Basic research research that is simply to expand knowledge base 1 Describe evidence for evolution 2 What is natural selection What is fitness Darwin suggested 3 proofs for evolution fossils similarities between living species inherited from a common ancestor and selective breeding people creating evolution on their own for instance if they like a certain characteristic of a dog species they can breed it with their dog to make the pups have that characteristic Natural selection drought only left large seeds so birds with large beaks survived Fitness survival of genes not necessarily survival of individual A more fit organism can survive and reproduce in the current environment Physical features ability to find food social dominance mating calls etc Albino gator is less likely to survive due to inability to camouflage evolution 3 Why did Darwin prefer the term decent with modification to He argues that evolution occurred by natural selection He said that evolution suggests improvement but what is useful in one environment may not be useful in another For instance a peacock tail is helpful to find a mate but also detrimental because it makes easy to be spotted by predators There is no relationship between overall brain size and intelligence It is more informative to look at relative sizes of different brain regions Compared to other creatures human cerebral cortex is increased in volume due to increased convolutions 5 Know the structure of DNA and outline the mechanisms of gene 4 In what ways has the human brain evolved expression Nucleus of every human cell contains 46 chromosomes 22 pairs autosomal 2 sex chromosomes XX female XY male Each chromosome consists of DNA and histone proteins big rocky proteins that DNA are bound to The DNA portion of the chromosome contains genes Gene sequence of DNA Genes overlap so if you lose a chromosome or have a faulty chromosome the other one in the pair could pick up the slack When a gene is turned on or expressed it is made into RNA transcription and then into a protein translation Transcription DNA molecule unravels exposes gene to be expressed a strand of RNA is copied from one of the strands of exposed DNA RNA also has complementary base pairs but instead of thymine uracil Translation protein is built based on code of mRNA Messenger RNA attaches to a ribosome ribosome reads each codon and attaches appropriate amino acid Codon describes 3 RNA bases Each unique combination causes amino acid Ribosome reaches end of RNA codon instructs release of completed protein Genes contain info on hereditary characteristics such as height hair color susceptibility to certain diseases Different versions of the same gene are called alleles Genotypes Homozygous alleles identical AA aa Heterozygous alleles different Aa Dominant genes shows a strong effect Recessive genes shows a strong effect only in the homozygous condition Adenine thymine cytosine guanosine Sex linked genes genes on the sex chromosomes Structure of DNA double stranded molecule 2 base comp pairs 1 DNA molecule unravels exposes gene to be expressed 2 Transcription a strand of RNA is copied from one of the strands of exposed DNA RNA goes to cytoplasm 3 Translation messenger RNA attaches to a ribosome ribosome reads each codon and attaches appropriate amino acid Help of little ribosome that looks at 3 base pairs at a time and decides what amino acids to put there 4 Ribosome reaches end of RNA codon instructs release of completed protein It has created a little chain of amino acids and releases the completed protein 100 trillion meters of DNA is organized and packaged into chromatin condensed DNA coiled around a core of histone proteins 6 Describe the difference between genetics
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