Study Guide for PSB2000 (Sections 06) Exam 4It is always advisable to know the key terms introduced in each section. However, the study hints listed here by chapter will also help you focus on other important concepts for the exam.Chapter 12.1 and 12.2 VocabJames–Lange theory – claims that autonomic arousal and skeletal actions come before the actual emotion. What you experience as en emotion is the label you give to your responses. Example: You feel afraid because you run away; you feel angry because you attack.Pure autonomic failure – when output from the autonomic nervous system to the body fails, either completely or almost completely. Heartbeat and other organs activities continue, but the nervous system no longer regulates them. Someone with this condition does not react to stressful experiences with changes in heart rate, blood pressure, or sweating.Panic Attack – marked by extreme sympathetic nervous system arousal.Limbic System – the forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus – critical for emotion.Behavioral Activation System (BAS) – Applies to activity in the left hemisphere, especially in the frontal and temporal lobes. Marked by low to moderate autonomic arousal and a tendency to approach, which could characterize either happiness or anger. It’s based on a model of appetitive motivation - in this case, an individual's disposition to pursue and achieve goals. The BAS is aroused when it receives cues corresponding to rewards. This system has an association with hope.Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) – Applies to activity in the right hemisphere, especially in the frontal and temporal lobes. Marked by increased attention and arousal, inhibits action, and stimulates emotions such as fear and disgust. Moreover, it’s a system that predicts an individual's response to anxiety- cues in an environment. This system is activated in times of punishment, boring things, or negative events. By responding to cues such as negative stimuli or events that involve punishment or frustration, this system ultimately results in avoidance of such negative and unpleasant events in order to prevent negative experiences such as fear, anxiety, frustration, and sadness.Turnover – the amount that neurons are released and replaced.5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) – serotonin’s main metabolite in the cerebral spinal fluid. Used to estimate the amount of serotonin turnover.Startle Reflex – A response to an unexpected loud noise.Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis – The stria terminalis is a set of axons that connects the nucleus to the amygdala. It creates long-term generalized emotional arousals. Example: If you are attacked or experience a traumatic event – you become more fearful in a wide variety of situations.Benzodiazepines – the most common anti-anxiety drug. Also known as “ anxiolytic drugs.” Examples include: diazepam (Valium), chlordiazepoxide (Librium), and alprazolam (Xanax).GABA(A) receptor – the site that binds and modifies the sensitivity of GABA. Benzodiazepines usually bind to GABA(A) receptors.Chapter 12.1, 12.2 Study Hints – Emotion and AggressionWhat are 3 aspects of an emotional state?Cognition (“this is bad”)Readiness for action (“run away!”, autonomic NS)A feeling (“I’m scared”)What is the James-Lange theory of emotion? Know the order of the 3 aspects of an emotional state according to this theory.Means: Event à appraisal (cognitive aspect) à action à emotional feelingFrightening situation à Running away/increased heart rate à FEARWhat are some brain areas involved in emotion?Limbic system – emotion center (amygdala)Cortex – responses to all emotionsInsular cortex – lights up when experiencing or recognizing digust or fearWhat are some examples of the right hemisphere being more responsive to emotional stimuli?The right hemisphere tends to be more responsive to emotional stimuli then the left. For example, listening to either laughing or crying activates the right amygdala more then the left. Another example is when people look at faces, drawing their attention to emotional expression increases activity in the right temporal cortex. Damage to the right temporal cortex made it more difficult for a person to identify others’ emotional states. People with left hemisphere damage outperformed other groups on knowing when people were lying or telling the truth. If you were to inactivate the right hemisphere, that person would be able to remember facts surrounding emotional events, but not the emotion itself.How is the prefrontal cortex involved in emotion?Prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus and cortex all active when contemplating a moral decision.People with prefrontal damage tend to choose based on logic, not emotionPrefrontal cortex damage leads to inability to anticipate unpleasantness leads to bad decision making (includes lack of autonomic arousal in anticipation of bad outcome)What do twin studies and adoption studies tell us about the role of heredity in aggressive behavior? What about smoking while pregnant?Twin studies and adoption studies suggest genetic influence in violent behaviorAdolescent delinquent behavior: dizygotic (fraternal) = monozygotic (identical) therefore more environmental contributionAdult crimes: monozygotic > dizygotic therefore more genetic contributionProbably because adults have more control over their environment, therefore magnifying the influence of the genetic contributionAdopted kids: aggressive behaviors are most pronounced with biological parents with criminal records and dysfunction in adoptive familySmoking during pregnancy correlated with increased likelihood of son to be arrested for violent criminal activities in adolescence and early adulthoodWhat is some evidence that low serotonin turnover is associated with aggressive behavior?Mice: less serotonin turnover = more aggressiveJuveniles have lower serotonin turnover and more aggressivenessMale monkeys in natural environment: lowest serotonin turnover = most aggressive, most injured, earlier deathAdolescents with history of aggressive behavior: those with lowest turnover more likely to get in trouble again in next 2 yearsPeople released from prison: lower serotonin turnover = increased probability of more convictions for violent crimesAttempted suicides by violent means - More common during spring, when turnover is lowestHow is testosterone related to aggressive behavior?doesn’t compel violent behavior; is related to
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