Study Guide for PSB2000 Sections 06 Exam 1 It is always advisable to know the key terms introduced in each section However the study hints listed here by chapter will also help you focus on other important concepts for the exam Chapter 1 Study Hints Understand and be able to answer conceptual or factual questions about the biological explanations of behavior Physiological Ontogenetic Evolutionary Functional Physiological relates a behavior to the activity of the brain and other organs Ontogenetic describes the development of a structure behavior Evolutionary reconstructs evolutionary history of a behavior or structure Functional describes why a structure behavior evolved as it did The mind brain mind body problem is defined as trying to determine the relationship between the mental mind and the physical brain Know the difference between dualism Descartes and most non scientists and monism most neuroscientists For monism understand what is meant by identity position Dualism belief that there are different kinds of substances that exist independently defended by French philosopher Rene Descartes most common belief among nonscientists rejected by most neuroscientists Monism belief that the universe is only compromised of one type of substance identity position mental processes and some brain processes are the same but described in different terms Know the difference between DNA and RNA and the difference between chromosomes and genes and know the difference between heterozygous different and homozygous same and what that means for dominant vs recessive genes DNA deoxyribonucleic acid Serves as a model for the synthesis of RNA RNA ribonucleic acid Single stand chemical that can serve as a model for the synthesis of proteins Heterozygous that a person has an unmatched pair of genes on the two chromosomes Homozygous means that a person has an identical pair of genes on the two chromosomes Dominant genes shows a strong effect in either the homozygous or the heterozygous Recessive gene shows its effect only in the homozygous condition Sex linked vs sex limited A sex linked gene is on a sex chromosome usually the X chromosome because the Y chromosome is SO MUCH SHORTER A sex limited gene could be on any chromosome chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes are autosomal chromosomes but it is activated by sex hormones and therefore shows its effects only in one sex or the other What are some possible complications in estimating hereditary influences in behavior Consider possible consequences of prenatal influences and the multiplier effect Examples such as PTC and eye coloring can be misleading Implies that a single gene combination completely controls a characteristic but this is not true Some genes are only expressed partly in some cells and not others or only under certain circumstances Heritable does not mean unmodifiable Phenylketonuria is an example of this How PKU a genetic inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine environmental interventions can modify PKU What is the definition of evolution Realize that this is not the discussing the origin of life but the origin of species which are changed over generations due to artificial and natural selection reproduction of the fittest Evolution refers to a change in the frequency of various genes in a population over generations regardless if helpful or harmful to the species Artificial selection choosing individuals with desired traits and making them parents of the next generation Natural selection successful individuals genes will be prevalent in later generations survival of the fittest While there may be much disagreement on this topic according to the author what are some reasons to use animals in research and how do most biological scientists feel about it Minimalists favor firm regulation on research and place consideration upon the type of animal used and the amount of stress induced Abolitionists maintain that all animals have the same rights as humans and any use of animals is unethical Animals help to save people and even animals too Chapter 2 Study Hints Know the basic structures functions of an animal cell membrane nucleus mitochondrion ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum membrane semipermeable lipid bilayer nucleus membrane enclosed area containing DNA mitochondria perfoms metabolic activities to make energy for the cell ribosomes site where the cell makes new proteins endoplasmic reticulum network of tubes that transport newly made proteins within the cell smooth no ribosomes rough associated w ribosomes Be able to identify on a diagram know the function of the parts of a vertebrate motor neuron dendrite dendritic spines soma nucleus axon hillock myelin sheath nodes of Ranvier axon presynaptic terminals dendrite branching fibers with a surface lined with synaptic receptors collect electrical signals dendritic spines further branch out and increase the surface area of dendrite soma cell body contains the nucleus mitochondria ribosomes etc Responsible for metabolic work of neuron axon hillock myelin sheath neurons covered with an insulating material nodes of Ranvier interruptions in the sheath axon thin fiber of a neuron responsible for transmitting nerve impulses toward other neurons organs muscles presynaptic terminals the end point of an axon where the release of chemicals occurs to facilitate communication with other nearby neurons Differentiate between afferent and efferent Afferent refers to bringing information into a structure Efferent refers to carrying information away from a structure Know the different types of glia cells Know the different glial cells that create myelin for the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system What is the primary function of myelin Astrocytes help synchronize the activity of the axon by wrapping around the presynaptic terminal and taking up chemicals released by the axon Microglia remove waste material and other microorganisms that could prove harmful to the neuron Oligodendrocytes Schwann Cells build the myelin sheath that surrounds the axon of some neurons Radial glia guide the migration of neurons and the growth of their axons and dendrites using embryonic development Oligodendrocytes myelin in CNS Schwann cells myelin in PNS Primary function of myelin to insulate The blood brain barrier keeps some chemicals from entering the brain while keeping others out This has advantages and disadvantages Understand what easily goes across and what has to be actively transported
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