Study Guide for PSB2000 (Sections 06) Exam 4It is always advisable to know the key terms introduced in each section. However, the study hints listed here by chapter will also help you focus on other important concepts for the exam.Chapter 12.1, 12.2 Study Hints – Emotion and AggressionWhat are 3 aspects of an emotional state?1. Cognition: assessing the situation “this is bad” “this is good”2. Readiness for action: what we do depending on the situation “run away!” “stay”3. A feeling: what is produced from that situation “I’m scared” “I’m happy”What is the James-Lange theory of emotion? Know the order of the 3 aspects of an emotional state according to this theory.- Event à appraisal à action à emotional feeling- 3 aspects of emotional state: cognition, readiness for action, a feeling.What are some brain areas involved in emotion? What are some examples of the right hemisphere being more responsive to emotional stimuli? How is the prefrontal cortex involved in emotion?- Limbic system: “emotion center”o Amygdala: fear and anger- Pre-frontal cortex: decision making- Insular cortex: experiences, recognizing faces, disgust.- Right hemisphere is more responsive to emotional stimuli:o More activity in right amygdala when listening to laughter or cryingo If right temporal cortex is damaged, it is difficult to identify other’s emotional stateso Inactive right hemisphere: can identify feelings but doesn’t actually feel emotion. What do twin studies and adoption studies tell us about the role of heredity in aggressive behavior? What about smoking while pregnant? - Studies suggest genetic influence in violent behavioro Adopted kids: aggressive behaviors are most pronounced with biological parents with criminal records and dysfunction in adoptive family- Smoking during pregnancy: high likelihood of a son to be arrested for a violent crime. o The more cigs smoked during pregnancy, the higher chance kid will be arrested as teenager for violent crimeWhat is some evidence that low serotonin turnover is associated with aggressive behavior?-How is testosterone related to aggressive behavior?- Testosterone doesn’t compel violent behavior, but it is related to it.- Some incarcerated males have high testosterone- High testosterone in women reduces the ability to recognize facial expression of anger.What is the role of the amygdala in processing fear and other emotions? What kinds of stimuli activate the amygdala? What are some behavioral/cognitive consequences of damage to the amygdala? Know the experiment about the resident and intruder hamsters, and the activation of the amygdala in those hamsters. - Amygdala receives input from cortex like vision, hearing and smell, and sends output to different parts of the brain for responses likeautonomic response (hypothalamus), approach and avoidance (prefrontal), and startle reflex (midbrain then pons then spinal cord)- Stimuli that produce fear or anger, judging someone’s goodness or badness, trying to figure out complicated emotional stimuli, or looking at someone else’s face that depicts fear or anger active the amygdala.- Damage to amygdala: still feel emotions, but impaired in processing emotional info when it is complicated or indirect.o Trouble recognizing guilt, arrogance, anger, surprise, admiration and flirtation.o Trouble rating how trustful someone is.o Can’t recognize fear because they can’t focus on the eyes. -Chapter 13.1, 13.2 Study Hints – Learning and MemoryCan you describe or answer questions about classical vs. operant conditioning?- Classical conditioning: Pavlov. Using a conditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to make a conditioned response. o Give dog food and ring a bell at the same time, dog will eventually associate the bell with food and salivate even without the food present.o DURING THE ACTION- Operant conditioning: responses are followed by reinforcement or punishment that will either strengthen or weaken behavioro Reinforce: increase probability activity will occur againo Punishment: decrease probability activity will occur againo AFTER THE ACTIONUnderstand the following concepts: long-term memory, short-term memory, working memory, and consolidation. How do short-term memory and long-term memory differ from each other? What part of the brain is important for working memory? What part of the brain is important for consolidation?Know the diagram on slide 12, especially the brain areas. Be able to answer questions about differences between working vs. long-term memory, explicit vs. implicit memory, episodic vs. semantic memory, etc.Do you know the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia?What are some likely roles of the hippocampus? What is the evidence for a role for the hippocampus in spatial learning? Is the hippocampus always the same size in everyone? Understand the symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease. What are some differences between early-onset and late-onset AD? What are plaques and tangles, and what proteins are involved in each of them? What are some treatment options for AD?What is Korsakoff’s syndrome and what causes it? What behavior puts people at especially high risk for it? What are the symptoms? The neurons of thedorsomedial thalamus are most affected and it is the main source of input to the prefrontal cortex. This causes apathy, confusion and memory loss. What do Korsakoff’s patients do when they can’t remember?What are some other brain areas in memory and learning?What is a Hebbian synapse? What are habituation and sensitization? What are LTP and LTD? Chapter 14.1, 14.2 Study Hints – Lateralization and LanguageWhat is lateralization? What are some structures that connect the two hemispheres?Which hemisphere (in general) is better at:Holistic perception? Analytical perception? Are there any anatomical differences between hemispheres?What is epilepsy characterized by?What are some characteristics of split-brain people?Why is language so special for humans? What is a language acquisition device?Is there a critical period for learning language? If so, what is the evidence?What are some brain areas that are important for language and in which hemisphere are they usually located? What are the aphasias that can result from damage to these areas? (Slide 32) What is aphasia, anyway?What do you know about the bilingual brain?What is dyslexia and some characteristics of the dyslexic brain?Chapter 15.1, 15.2 Study Hints –
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