Cells of the Nervous System1. Know the parts of a neuron and their functions. Be able to label the parts of a neuron.The neuron consists of a nucleus, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, and axon terminals. The nucleus contains DNA, the dendrites receive information from other neurons, the axon sends information through the neuron via action potential, the myelin sheath insulates the axon, and the axon terminals is where information leaves the neuron to travel to other neurons via neurotransmitters.2. How are sensory neurons and motor neurons different from each other?Sensory neurons are for the five senses, while motor neurons are for muscle movement.3. What are the functions of oligodendrocytes and schwann cells? Are there other types of glial cells?Oligodendrocytes are myelin in the central nervous system, while schwann cells are myelin in the peripheral nervous system. Other types of glial cells include astrocytes, microglia, and radial glia.Gross Anatomy of the Brain4. What/where is the blood brain barrier?The blood brain barrier is in the central nervous system, and separates circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid. It keeps out viruses, bacteria, chemicals, and nutrients, while letting in small, uncharged molecules, fat-soluble molecules, and glucose.5. What is gray matter? White matter?Gray matter is made up of neuronal cell bodies and is involved in muscle control and sensory perception. White matter is the tissue through which messages pass between areas of gray matter within the nervous system.6. What are the three primary divisions of the brain?The forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.7. For the following brain structures, be able to identify them on a midline section of the brain, andknow generally what they do: medulla, pons, cerebellum, midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, corpus callosum. Also know hippocampus and amygdala, although you couldn’t find them on a sagittal section of the brain because they are not midline structures.The medulla controls vital reflexes, the pons relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, the cerebellum controls movement and balance, the midbrain is associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal, and temperature regulation, the thalamus regulates consciousness, sleep, and alertness, the hypothalamus regulates motivation for eating, drinking, and sexual activity,the pituitary gland produces hormones, the corpus callosum separates the right and left halves ofthe brain, the hippocampus helps in the forming of memories, and the amygdala is associated with emotions.8. Cranial nerves: What is their general function and how many are there?They are the pathway for information on the way to the sensory cortex. There are 12 pairs.9. We discussed two systems: the limbic system and the basal ganglia. Know the general functions of each.The limbic system connects the amygdala and hippocampus, while the basal ganglia are important for motor control, emotional expression, and memory.10. Be able to locate the lobes of the cortex and know what primary sensory cortex is associated with each. There’s the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe. The frontal lobe contains the motor cortex and the parietal lobe contains the sensory cortex. The occipital lobe helps with vision and the temporal lobe helps with hearing.11. What are ventricles?Ventricles contain cerebrospinal fluid and are protective reservoirs for hormones and nutrients.12. What/where are the meninges?They cover the brain and spinal cord, stabilizing and protecting the central nervous system.Spinal Cord and PNS13. Know the parts of the spinal cord (dorsal horn, ventral horn, dorsal root, ventral root, central canal, dorsal root ganglion). Be able to label them on a figure.Dorsal means sensory in this case, and ventral means motor. 14. Know the Bell-Magendie law.Dorsal roots carry sensory information to the brain, and ventral roots carry that information from the brain to the muscles and glands.15. Generally speaking, what is a reflex?A reflex is an involuntary, stereotyped response to a sensory input.16. What structures comprise the CNS and what structures comprise the PNS?The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists of the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system, which consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.17. How is the PNS subdivided? What are the distinct roles of the somatic, enteric, sympathetic, andparasympathetic nervous systems?The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscles, the enteric nervous system controls the gastrointestinal system, the sympathetic nervous system facilitates emergency functions, and the parasympathetic nervous system facilitates non-emergency functions.18. Understand the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in terms of under what circumstances each one is activated and physiological effects.The sympathetic nervous system dilates the pupils, relaxes the airways, and accelerates heartbeat, while the parasympathetic nervous system constricts the pupils, constricts airways, and slows heartbeat.Action Potential and Resting Potential19. When the cell is at rest, which ions are most highly concentrated inside of the cell, and which ones are most highly concentrated outside of the cell?K+ and A- are highly concentrated inside the cell, while Na+ and CI- are highly concentrated outside the cell.20. What is a voltage-gated channel? Where are they?They are transmembrane ion channels that are activated by changes in electrical potential difference. They are located along the axon and at the synapse.21. Understand the steps of the action potential, and how one leads to the next. How is an action potential started and propagated? What ion enters first? Through what type of channel does it enter? What forces drive it inside? Why does that channel close? What channel opens next? What ion moves through that? What forces drive that ion? Etc. etc.First, the voltage-gated sodium channels open. Then, they close and the voltage-gated potassium channels open, allowing potassium to leave the cell. At that point, the cell becomes hyperpolarized, and allows for action potential to take place.22. What voltage is the resting potential? What voltage is threshold?The resting potential is at -70mv, while threshold is at +30mv.23. What does the sodium/potassium pump do? What purpose does it
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