Intro to Brain Behavior Exam 3 Study Guide Brain Damage Neuroplasticity 10 1 10 3 Definitions Tumor a mass of cells that grows independently of the rest of the body Meningioma a tumor that grows between the meninges the three membranes that cover the central nervous system Benign tumors tumors that are surgically removable with little risk of further growth in the body Glioma brain tumors that development from glial cells Malignant tumors difficult to remove or destroy them completely and any cancerous tissue that remains after surgery continues to grow Stroke sudden onset cerebrovascular disorders that cause brain damage in the U S this is the third leading cause of death Cerebral Hemorrhage bleeding in the brain occurs when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures and blood seeps into the surrounding neural tissue and damages it too much blood Aneurysm a pathological balloon like dilation that forms in the wall of an artery at a point where the elasticity of the artery wall is defective can occur in any part of the body Cerebral Ischemia a disruption of the blood supply to an area of the brain not enough blood Hematoma a localized collection of clotted blood in an organ or tissue a bruise Contusion closed head injuries that involve damage to the cerebral circulatory system Contrecoup injury when a contusion occurs on the side of the brain opposite to the side struck by a blow Concussion no contusion or structural damage observed but temporary loss or disturbance of consciousness Thrombosis clot forms in brain vasculature Embolism clot forms elsewhere dislodges moves to brain Arteriosclerosis walls of blood vessels thicken constricting blood flow Encephalitis an invasion of the brain by microorganisms in a brain infection which results in this inflammation Toxic Psychosis chronic insanity produced by a neurotoxin Tardive Dyskinesia TD a motor disorder in which the primary symptoms are involuntary smacking and sucking movements of the lips thrusting and rolling of the tongue lateral jaw movement and puffing of the cheeks Epilepsy often associated with convulsions motor seizures Epileptic Auras peculiar psychological changes just before a convulsion Partial Seizure a seizure that does not involve the entire brain Generalized Seizures involve the entire brain Tonic clonic Seizures primary symptoms are loss of consciousness loss of equilibrium and a violent tonic clonic convulsion Absence Seizure not associated with convulsions primary behavior symptom is a disruption of consciousness associated with a cessation of ongoing behavior a vacant look and fluttering eyelids Parkinson s Disease PD a movement disorder of middle and old age that affects 0 5 2 of the elderly population about 2 5 times more prevalent in males than in females Huntington s Disease a progressive motor disorder it has a simple genetic basis and always associated with severe demetia Multiple Sclerosis MS a progressive disease that attacks the myelin of axons in the CNS Alzheimer s Disease the most common cause of dementia it is a progressive disease its early stages are often characterized by a selective decline in memory deficits in attention and personality changes Kindling Model of Epilepsy series of periodic brain stimulations eventually elicits convulsions Transgenic genes of another species have been introduced Study Questions Tumors forms of cancer masses of cells growing in an uncontrolled manner o Tumor encased in meninges 20 of brain tumors o Usually benign unlikely to spread throughout the body o Relatively easy to spot on CT scans and remove through surgery o Dangerous because pressure exerted on brain by tumor can cause necrosis of neural tissue Types of Tumors Meningioma o Glioma o Tumor derived from glial cells o Usually malignant difficult to remove kill and tends to spread throughout the brain o Dangerous due to damage caused to surrounding neural tissue o Not all gliomas are malignant Schwannoma o Tumor originating in PNS Schwann cells vestibulocochlear nerve Stroke damage to neural tissue caused by dysfunction of blood supply Types of Stroke Hemorrhage bleeding too much blood o Result from ruptured blood vessels o Aneurysm a dilation of blood vessel wall o Internal hemorrhaging Hematoma forms when the circulatory system is ruptured contusion Often occur on opposite side of brain from the strike Ischemia disruption of blood flow not enough blood o 3 Forms of Ischemia Thrombosis clot forms in brain vasculature Embolism clot forms elsewhere dislodges moves to brain Arteriosclerosis walls of blood vessels thicken constricting blood flow Blood deprivation leads to overactive neurons massive release of glutamate Too much Na and Ca2 in neurons more release of glutamate followed by cell death Encephalitis an infection of neural tissue leads to damaging inflammation even if treated promptly Epilepsy often associated with convulsions motor seizures faulty inhibition through an alteration in GABAergic Seizures Tonic clonic seizures Absence Seizures Parkinson s disease A movement disorder of middle and old age affecting about 0 5 percent of the population Associated with degeneration of the substantia nigra these neurons release dopamine to the striatum of the basal ganglia Deep brain stimulation of subthalamic nucleus reduces symptoms but its effectiveness slowly declines over months years Synthetic heroin produced the symptoms of PD Multiple Sclerosis MS Attacks CNS myelin leaving areas of hard scar tissue Immune systems attack myelin sheaths in CNS Rare progressive motor disorder of middle and old age with a strong genetic basis Single dominant gene Huntington s disease Alzheimer s disease Most common cause of dementia Only confirmed postmortem because one must observe neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques Amyloid hypothesis Amyloid first Kindling Model of Epilepsy Series of periodic brain stimulations eventually elicits convulsions Will not generate spontaneous seizures unless kindled hundreds of times Transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer s disease genes pf another species have been introduced Endogenous responses to nervous system damage and treatment 10 4 10 5 Definitions Axotomy to cut an axon Anterograde degeneration distal portion of axon away from soma dies Retrograde degeneration proximal portion of axon near soma dies proximal axon may regenerate if it can make a new synapse before death Transneuronal degeneration neuron that lost axon may die neuron that lost input may die neurons that synapsed
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