Study Guide for Optional Final Exam CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Know the parts of a neuron and their functions Be able to label the parts of a neuron phospholipid bilayer 2 layers of fat molecules that are free to float the gap between the neurons spaced closely together so neurotransmitters can Cell membrane around one another semipermeable Synapse be relayed efficient Neurotransmitters Dendrites Axon Vesicles Myelin sheath store the neurotransmitters specialized for receiving signals sending information in the form of an electrical signal insulates by helping the action potential travel faster and be more energy How are sensory neurons and motor neurons different from each other Sensory neurons the soma lives just outside of the spinal cord in a dorsal root ganglion most of its length is an axon has specialized endings in the skin and its terminals are in the spinal cord Motor neuron your body the terminals synapse with muscle fibers cell body soma lives in the spinal cord the axon is part of a nerve in What are the functions of oligodendrocytes and schwann cells Are there other types of glial do not transmit info over long distances do exchange chemicals and nutrients cells Glial cells with neurons Schwann cells neurons Oligodendrocytes Microglia Radial glia myelin in CNS myelin in PNS repair remove waste fungi microorganisms guide cell axon migration during development after development turn into GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN What where is the blood brain barrier BBB keeps out viruses bacteria many chemicals and many nutrients It lets thru small uncharged molecules fat soluble molecules Endothelial cells w tight junctions form walls of capillaries What is gray matter White matter Gray matter White matter communication w spinal cord cell bodies and dendrites axons bringing sensory info to brain motor commands down from brain What are the 3 primary divisions of the brain Forebrain thinking perceiving big part of emotion memory drive related behaviors Cortex structures deep to cortex thalamus hypothalamus hippocampus and Midbrain Hindbrain amygdala basal ganglia etc sensory pathways visual and auditory processing reflexes Top portion of brainstem some motor control reflexes breathing heart rate etc Bottom of brainstem pons medulla and cerebellum For the following brain structures be able to identify them on a midline section of the brain and know generally what they do medulla pons cerebellum midbrain thalamus hypothalamus pituitary gland corpus callosum Also know hippocampus and amygdala although you couldn t find them on a sagittal section of the brain because they are not midline structures controls vital reflexes relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum movement sensory timing balance postural control reflexive orienting to visual and auditory stimuli relay station filter for sensory info on its way to cortex Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Thalamus Hypothalamus drive related behaviors and maintenance of homeostasis the 4 f s feeding fleeing fighting fucking Pituitary gland Corpus callosum Hippocampus Amygdala processing memory decision making and emotional reactions makes and releases hormones into bloodstream how the hemispheres communicate communicates with pituitary gland to alter hormone release involved in memory Cranial nerves what is their general function I ll give you this one sensory and motor for face and head know what that means How many are there Important for sensory and motor control info for head face 12 pairs Some have automatic component pupil constriction tearing salivating cardiovascular functions We discussed 2 systems the limbic system and the basal ganglia Know the general function s of each Limbic system Basal ganglia for emotion and memory made up of amygdala and hippocampus motor control but also memory and emotional expression Be able to locate the lobes of the cortex know what primary sensory cortex is associated with each Also know which lobe contains motor cortex and prefrontal cortex Frontal lobe prefrontal cortex executive functions Planning working memory impulse control socially appropriate behavior Motor cortex voluntary movement Parietal lobe somatosensory cortex first cortex to process somatosensory info Spatial organization understanding where you are in relationship to the rest of the world Temporal lobe auditory cortex hearing spoken language comprehension Visual association cortex face recognition Occipital lobe vision primary secondary visual cortex What are ventricles Contain cerebrospinal fluid What where are the meninges 3 layers dura mater arachnoid pia mater Surround and protect the brain Dura mater Arachnoid Pia mater thick outermost layer adheres to the skull surround brain spinal cord middle of meninges cushions CNS spider web like adheres to surface of brain and spinal cord it s capillaries nourish the brain SPINAL CORD AND PNS Know the parts of the spinal cord dorsal horn ventral horn dorsal root ventral root central canal dorsal root ganglion Be able to label them on a figure receive and process sensory info comprises motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle entering carry sensory info to the brain exiting carry motor info to the muscles and glands cerebrospinal fluid filled space Dorsal horn Ventral horn Dorsal root Ventral root Central canal Dorsal root ganglion spinal nerve cluster of nerve cell bodies a ganglion in the posterior root of a Know the Bell Magendie law The entering dorsal roots carry sensory info to the brain the exiting ventral roots carry motor info to the muscles and glands What structures comprise the CNS and what structures comprise the PNS How is the PNS subdivided What are the distinct roles of the somatic enteric sympathetic and CNS brain and spinal cord PNS nerves outside brain and spinal cord parasympathetic nervous systems Subdivided somatic NS autonomic NS Somatic NS muscles Sympathetic NS Parasympathetic NS Enteric NS nerves that convey info from sense organs to CNS and from CNS to axons activate organs for fight or flight facilitates vegetative nonemergency functions conserve energy controls gastrointestinal system Understand the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in terms of 1 under what circumstances each one is activated and 2 physiological effects Activated in fight or flight rest and digest Physiological effects sympathetic increases heart rate and respiratory rate perspiration pupillary dilation parasympathetic slows digestion and
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