Study Guide for Optional Final Exam CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1 Know the parts of a neuron and their functions Be able to label the parts of a neuron Dendrites the receiving end of the neuron Terminals contain neurotransmitters Axon aka the tail of the neuron Myelin sheath coating on the axon that speeds up the action potential 2 How are sensory neurons and motor neurons different from each other Motor neurons Sensory neurons soma lives in the spinal cord Axon is part of a nerve Terminals synapse with muscle fibers Soma lives outside of the spinal cord Most of its length is an axon Terminals are in the spinal cord 3 What are the functions of oligodendrocytes and schwann cells Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells myelin in CNS myelin in PNS 4 Are there other types of glial cells Microglia Radial glial astrocytes GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN 1 What where is the blood brain barrier Endothelial cells w tight junctions surrounding capillaries The mechanism that keeps many chemicals out of the brain 2 What is gray matter White matter gray matter mostly contains cell bodies and dendrites white matter contains large tracts of axons its called white because myelin is white 3 What are the 3 primary divisions of the brain Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain 4 For the following brain structures be able to identify them on a midline section of the brain and know generally what they do Pons Medulla movement coordination and balance controls vital reflexes breathing heart rate vomiting salivation Connects upper and lower parts of the brain and also serves as a message coughing sneezing station communicates with pituitary gland to alter hormone release and involved in drive related behaviors and maintenance of homeostasis the 4 F s pituitary gland corpus callosum visual and auditory reflexes relay station filter for sensory info on its way to cortex makes and releases hormones into bloodstream Cerebellum Midbrain Thalamus Hypothalamus Also know hippocampus spatial and declarative memory amygdala emotion although you couldn t find them on a sagittal section of the brain because they are not midline structures 5 Cranial nerves what is their general function sensory and motor for face and head 6 How many are there 12 pairs 7 The limbic system and the basal ganglia Know the general function s of each Limbic system Basal ganglia two important structures amygdala emotion and hippocampus memory and learning interconnected structures that are important in movement cognitive functions and emotional functions It helps the cortex initiate movement or suppress it 8 Be able to locate the lobes of the cortex know what primary sensory cortex is associated with each Also know which lobe contains motor cortex and prefrontal cortex Frontal prefrontal cortex and motor cortex Parietal somatosensory cortex aka skin and touch Temporal auditory cortex visual association cortex Occipital visual cortex 9 What are ventricles spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluids CSF 10 What where are the meninges Surrounds and protects the CNS brain and spinal cord SPINAL CORD AND PNS 1 Know the parts of the spinal cord dorsal horn ventral horn dorsal root the sensory fibers entering are called the dorsal root ventral root the motor fibers exiting are called the ventral root central canal dorsal root ganglion Be able to label them on a figure 2 Know the Bell Magendie law The entering dorsal roots carry sensory information to the brain the exiting ventral roots carry motor information to the muscles and glands 3 Generally speaking what is a reflex Involuntary stereotyped response to a sensory input 4 What structures comprise the CNS and what structures comprise the PNS CNS brain and spinal cord PNS nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord 5 How is the PNS subdivided Autonomic NS Somatic NS 6 What are the distinct roles of the somatic enteric sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems Somatic NS Nerves that convey info from sense organs to CNS and from CNS to muscles so motor and sensory Autonomic NS automatically controls heart intestines other organs Enteric NS Controls gastrointestinal system Sympathetic NS for vigorous activity fight or flight Parasympathetic NS vegetative nonemergency responses 7 Understand the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in terms of 1 under what circumstances each one is activated 2 physiological effects ACTION POTENTIAL AND RESTING POTENTIAL 1 When the cell is at rest which ions are most highly concentrated inside of the cell and which ones are most highly concentrated outside of the cell Inside potassium K Outside sodium Na 2 What is a voltage gated channel Where are they Membrane channel whose permeability to sodium or some other ion depends on the voltage difference across the membrane 3 Understand the steps of the action potential and how one leads to the next 4 What voltage is the resting potential Resting potential 70 mv 5 What voltage is threshold 6 What does the sodium potassium pump do What purpose does it serve Acts to maintain proper concentrations of sodium and potassium Needed for maintaining resting potential and for recovery from an action potential 7 What does it mean that an action potential is all or none That is in most but not all neurons sub threshold depolarizations have no effect but once the threshold is crossed an action potential is generated 8 What is saltatory conduction Jumping of action potentials from one node to another by the flow of positive ions SYNAPTIC POTENTIAL 1 Know the different parts of a synapse presynaptic cell Postsynaptic cell Synaptic cleft NT travel through Neurotransmitters Receptors Vesicles releases NT in response to action potential receives NT this part is technically the synapse spaces between cells where chemicals sites on postsynaptic cell that receives NT 2 Understand different types of ion channels ligand and voltage gated Where are ligand gated channels located Voltage gated channel o On the axon o Open when cell reaches a certain voltage o Allows ions in or out Ligand gated channel o At synapses o Open when a ligand NT binds o Allows ions through 3 What is an excitatory synapse allow sodium and or calcium positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell and lead to an excitatory postsynaptic potential 4 What is an inhibitory synapse allow chloride a negatively charged ion into the postsynaptic cell and lead to an inhibitory postsynaptic potential 5 For each one what ion enters the cell 6 What does that do to the
View Full Document
Unlocking...