PSB2000 Exam 2 Study Guide Vertebrate Nervous System I What is gray matter White matter Gray matter contains neuronal cell bodies dendrites myelinated unmyelinated muscle control sensory perception emotions speech White matter mostly contains myelinated axons myelin white Know these planes of section sagittal parasagittal horizontal coronal Sagittal center of the brain Parasagittal to the side Coronal crown top Know these directional terms medial lateral dorsal ventral proximal distal anterior posterior rostral caudal contralateral ipsilateral Medial toward the middle Lateral toward the side outiside Dorsal the back Ventral the belly Proximal near to a point of reference Distal far from a point of reference Anterior the front head region Posterior the back rear end region Rostral toward the oral or nasal region Caudal near the tail or posterior end o Humans toward the bottom of the feet Contralateral on the opposite side of the body Ipsilateral on or affecting the same side of the body What are lamina tracts nuclei sulci gyri fissure column nerve ganglia Know the Bell Magendie law and understand how that incorporates the dorsal ventral roots The finding that the anterior ventral spinal nerve roots contain only motor fibers posterior dorsal roots only contain sensory fibers and nerve impulses are conducted only in one direction Discovered by Sir Charles Bell What structures comprise the CNS and what structures comprise the PNS CNS brain spinal cord PNS all nerves OUTSIDE of the brain spinal cord somatic nervous system voluntary autonomic nervous system involuntary How is the PNS subdivided Somatic voluntary autonomic involuntary How do the actions between the sympathetic parasympathetic nervous system differ i e what is stimulated or inhibited Differ ganglia set up in the spinal cord ganglia are on top of each other lose What are the 3 primary divisions of the brain and what major structures are in those division together Close in proximity quick response Vertebrate Nervous System II Hindbrain rhombencephalon o Metencephalon Pons cerebellum o Myelencephalon Medulla Midbrain mesencephalon substantia nigra Parkinson s Forebrain prosencephalon o Telencephalon Cerebrum o Diencephalons o Superior inferior colliculi sensory visual auditory periaqueductal gray pain Hypothalamus thalamus pituitary gland What comprises the brainstem Medulla pons midbrain For the following brain structures be able to identify them on a midline section of the brain and know generally what they do medulla pons cerebellum midbrain thalamus hypothalamus pituitary gland hippocampus corpus callosum Hindbrain Medulla controls autonomic functions such as breathing digestion and heart rate medulla hemisphreres Pons white matter that conduct signals from the cerebrum down to the cerebellum and Corpus callosum thick band of nerve fibers that divides the cerebrum into left and right Cerebellum motor control and some cognitive functions Midbrain superior inferior colliculi sensory visual auditory periaqueductal gray pain substantia nigra Parkinson s Forebrain Thalamus a pair of structures sensory information thalamus decides what info goes to cortex sends info back to thalamus rest of body Forebrain Hypothalamus conveys a message to the pituitary gland be familiar with some functions on list pituitary stalk Forebrain Pituitary gland endocrine gland attached to base of hypothalamus by Hippocampus storage of memories after damage can t save new memories Cranial nerves what is their general function How many are there Nerves that emerge directly from the brain 12 pairs 10 from brainstem 2 from cerebrum We discussed 2 systems the limbic system and the basal ganglia Know the general function s of each Basal ganglia exchanges info w regions of the cortex planning sequences of behavior memory emotional expression damage leads to movement disorders Parkinson s Limbic system includes amygdala and hippocampus emotion and memory Be able to locate the lobes of the cortex and give functions associated with each Included in this be sure that you can locate motor cortex somatosensory cortex auditory cortex visual cortex prefrontal cortex Cortex 2 hemispheres 4 lobes corpus callosum connects hemispheres together l6 distinct layers of amina are parallel to the surface 2 layers of cell bodies separated by axons and cells in columns are perpendicular to the lamina surface all cells in a column same function Frontal largest part of the cortex prefrontal cortex planning foresight short term working memory socially appropriate behaviour consequences of actions some have larger frontal cortex humans apes primary motor cortex voluntary movement somatotopic organization homunculus somatosensory corte sensations from diff body parts precentral gyrus control fine movement Parietal primary somatosensory cortex touch association cortex receives info from ALL senses and incorporates them spatial organization eye head and body position Temporal primary auditory cortex hearing damage wernicke s aphasia difficult to remember names of objects and comprehension visual association cortex movement perception face recognition tumors auditory visual hallucinations emotional motivational behaviors Kluver Bucy syndrome Occipital primary visual cortex damage causes cortical blindness eye damage can still dream in images What are ventricles What is in them 4 ventricles all connected 2 later empty into 3rd ventricle and then 4th ventricle connected to spinal cord cerebral spinal fluid inside protective buoyancy reservoir of hormones nutrition What are the meninges and what is the general function of the meninges The thin film covering of the brain and spinal cord dura mater brain to skull arachnoid mater pia mater CSF is in between Only part of the brain that has pain receptors migranes Meningitis swelling of the meninges Genetics of Behavior What does the study involving facial expressions slide 2 tell us about the role of genetics environment on behavior Expressions in blind people are remarkably similar to relatives with vision could not have been imitated learned What is heritability how do we study it what are twin and adoption studies what do their results tell us What are the problems associated with adoption twin studies Heritability the proportion of variation in a characteristic that is due to genetic variation between individuals Twin studies monozygotic identical dizygotic fraternal HIGH heritability because the monozygotic are more alike because
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