PSB2000 Exam 4 Review L16 Sleep II What are the stages of sleep What are some characteristics of those stages The Beginning of sleep o Beta and alpha waves slower o Characterized by hypnagogic hallucinations and myoclonic jerks defined later Stage 1 light sleep o The beginning of the sleep cycle a transitional period o Reported that you re not really asleep o Very brief time o Theta waves The figure shows a physical change the waves are decreasing Stage 2 o Sleep spindles rapid bursts of rhythmic brain activity o Physical changes waves decrease o K complex sharp peak high amplitude wave followed by a smaller slower wave this keeps you from waking up Stage 3 o A transitional period o Delta waves emerge Stage 4 deep sleep Deep slow large amplitude waves o Physical changes waves decrease even more o Called delta sleep because the of delta waves increases o Bed wetting and sleepwalking can happen in this stage o The thalamus stops relay and really stops in extreme cases 3 and 4 slow wave sleep SWS REM sleep rapid eye movement sleep o Beta waves o Rapid eye movements o aka paradoxical sleep Active dreaming More relaxed muscles are not active o Physical changes Waves increase all other sleep stages are nREM non REM Heart rate breathing and brain activity slow with each stage What order do humans move thru the stages of sleep during a night when first falling asleep 1 2 3 4 3 2 REM 2 o 3 4 predominates the first half of the night o REM predominates the second half o 4 or 5 cycles in one night Enter REM 90min after falling asleep 1st cycle is short but get longer as sleep progresses Length nREM decreases as the night progresses What do heart rate breathing blood pressure and temperature do during the different stages of sleep Heart rate breathing blood pressure all decrease with each stage of sleep Body temperature decreases spindles stage 2 What are hypnagogic hallucinations myoclonic jerks Hypnagogic hallucinations vivid sensations Myoclonic jerks startled suddenly involuntary muscle movement o Ex falling o Ex twitching What is paradoxical about REM sleep It is the most relaxed stage of sleep however it is when we are most active dreaming and experience rapid eye movements As we age what changes about the amount of time spent in REM sleep As we age we spend less time in REM sleep Hypothesis about why brain development in younger years need more REM What stage s of sleep predominate in the first of the night vs the second of the night 1st half stages 3 and 4 2nd half REM Understand Insomnia Insomnia inadequate or abnormal sleep o Causes Psychiatric disorders Depression anxiety stress Physical problems Respiratory illness pain ulcers gastric acid secretion at night epilepsy PD disease a degenerative disorder Environmental influences Noise jet lag alcohol light sleep prevents REM o Symptoms daytime fatigue sleepiness impaired function depression anxiety o Incidence rates higher for females the elderly periodic leg movement in nREM mood changes and shift workers Know name of 3 classes of sex steroid hormones be able to ID examples L16 Reproductive Behavior 1 Androgens 2 Estrogens a Testosterone T DHT b male hormones a Estradiol D b female hormones 3 Progestins a Progesterone P 4 How they work a Bind to membrane receptors binding NTs b Enter cells activate proteins in cytoplasm c Activate inactive genes Know the differences between organizational and activational effects of hormones Organizational effects o Sensitive stages of development o Permanent Ex determine whether brain and body will develop male or female characteristics Other ex development of the reproductive tracts external genitalia hypothalamic differences cerebral cortex in cognitive differences Activational effects o Any time of life o Temporary Ex menstrual cycle in women sexual excitement in men There is no absolute distinction between the two o Ex some hormones early in life can exert temporary effects some hormones during puberty can induce long lasting changes What is the region of the Y chromosome that is important for male development and how why does that trigger male development The SRY gene Sex Determining Region of Y Chromosome determines the levels of circulating testosterone indirectly o It tells primitive gonads to develop into testes o Testes produce and release testosterone male development penis scrotum relies on T and DHT o A female s low level of testosterone tells her gonads to develop ovaries What does it mean that the default development pattern is female Default no SRY gene o Gonads ovaries Critical period low testosterone Wolffian ducts regress Mullerian ducts develop ociducts uterus vagina o Female is the default pathway because no hormonal signal is needed How can a male be feminized demasculinized or a female masculinized Normal Male SRY gene testes testosterone male o What if an individual lacks androgen receptors Can t respond and will develop as female o What if androgen activity is blocked during the critical period of development Drugs can block the effects of testosterone feminizing demasculanizing in genetic male Ex marijuana alcohol haloperidol cocaine In what pattern do testosterone levels change in males Decreased T levels decreased sexual activity interest What hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle FSH follicle stimulating hormone released from anterior pituitary o Promotes follicle growth in ovary produces estrogen LH Luteinizing hormone Estradiol Progesterone o The pill E P prevents surge of FSH 7 LH that release ovum o Also thickens the mucus of the cervix so it s harder for sperm to reach the egg What are hormone levels are high in the periovulatory phase F What changes in behavior do we see during the periovulatory phase Periovulatory phase maximum fertility ovulation o Females Estradiol is high Progesterone begins to rise o Males Testosterone is at it s maximum Behavior changes o More sexually responsive o Erotica is more pleasant arousing o Preference of masculine men for short term sexual relationship What are some examples of differences in the hypothalamus between males and females Males Testosterone increases response areas of the hypothalamus o A large medial pre optic area MPOA o Stimulation of the sexually dimorphic nucleus SDN o T is most sensitive to the MPOA during the critical period Females normal female smaller MPOA SDN o T in the critical period for females male MPOA SDN o T in female as an adult normal female MPOA SDN What events stimulate oxytocin release
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