Psychology Study Guide 2 Lectures 10 and 11 Neuroanatomy Chap 4 pg 85 The Vertebrate Nervous System 1 Peripheral Nervous System a Somatic Nervous System SNS b Autonomic Nervous System ANS Sympathetic Nervous System SPNS Parasympathetic Nervous System PSNS 2 Central Nervous System CNS a Spinal Cord b Brain Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain 1 Peripheral Nervous System Consists of all neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body Two parts based on function Somatic series of neurons that communicate from sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to voluntary muscles e g those you consciously control Autonomic series of neurons that regulate the involuntary activity of internal organs i e heart intestines Sympathetic Fight or flight emergency system Main function is to expend energy Signals via norepinephrine AKA noradrenaline Parasympathetic Rest and digest vegetative system Main function is to conserve energy Signals via acetylcholine Terms Dorsal to the back Ventral to the belly Medial to the center Lateral away from the center Anterior to the top front end Posterior to the bottom rear end Contralateral on the opposite side Ipsilateral on the same side Nerve a bundle of axons in the PNS can go to or out of CNS Tract Projection a bundle of axons completely within the CNS Ganglion cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS Nuclei cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS Grey Matter area consisting mainly of cell bodies White Matter area consisting mainly of axons The Central Nervous System From the Bottom Up 1 Spinal cord 2 Hindbrain 3 Midbrain 4 Forebrain 1 Spinal Cord Communicates with all the sense organs and muscles except those of the head Capable of complex movements and calculations without the brain s help e g re flexes Each segment has two sets of spinal nerves on each side Sensory information comes in from the PNS via the nerves that enter the dorsal side Motor information leaves to the PNS via the nerves on the ventral side 2 Hindbrain Cranial Nerves 12 pairs of nerves that relay sensations from the head and control mus cle movements of the head Medulla Regulates vital reflexes like breathing heart rate salivation Pons nuclei that deal primarily with swallowing bladder control taste posture via communication with cerebellum First place where information becomes contralateral Cerebellum Important for movement balance and coordination as well as attention and timing Systems that start in the medulla and pons but also go into the midbrain and forebrain Reticular formation involved in attention arousal and sleep Raphe system involved in attention vigilance and mood serotonin is the main neuro transmitter antidepressants may exert their actions here 3 Midbrain Superior colliculus vision Inferior colliculus hearing Tegmentum eye movement Substantia nigra movement dopamine is the main neurotransmitter here breakdown of dopamine neurons here is involved in the development of Parkinson s 4 ForeBrain Organized in two hemispheres right and left Processes sensory and motor information Cortex Outer layer of cerebrum Higher order processing more next lecture Subcortical structures Thalamus relays info to and from cortex Limbic system reward motivation emotion Basal ganglia movement attention planning Limbic System System that connects multiple parts of the forebrain Hypothalamus involved in motivation hormone regulation via pituitary gland Amygdala involved in attention aggression and mood Hippocampus involved in learning and memory Basal Ganglia System that connects multiple parts of the forebrain Caudate Putamen Globus Pallidus All involved in coordination of brain activity problems with inhibitory neurons in these areas may be responsible for obsessive com pulsive disorder Basal Forebrain System that connects multiple parts of the forebrain Nucleus basalis and others Involved in arousal wakefulness and attention inactivity and deterioration in this area responsible for impairments of attention and intellect in Alzheimer s and Parkinson s dis ease Ventricular system consists of spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid CSF produced by choroid plexus serves to cushion the brain and hold nutrients in reserve Lateral ventricles Third ventricle Fourth ventricle Central canal The Meninges Membranes surrounding the brain The brain has no pain receptors but the meninges do Swollen blood vessels in the meninges are potential causes of migraine headaches Menigitus swelling of meninges typically as a result of viral infections cause headache and neck stiffness The Cerebral Cortex Outer layer of cerebral hemispheres Most prominent part of mammalian brain Surface area increased by folding Suclus sulci fold or groove If very deep called a fissure Gyrus gyri bump delineated by two sucli Microscopic Organization of the Cerebral Cortex Composed of grey matter Communicates to rest of the brain via white matter which makes up the rest of the cerebrum Hemispheres relay info to each other through white matter tracts Corpus callosum Anterior commissure Consists of layers laminae and columns of cell bodies that perform similar function Divided into lobes based on structure and function Named for skull bones that lay over them Occipital Temporal Parietal Frontal Lobe Location Occipital Parietal Temporal Primary Function vision Somatosen sation and spatial per Hearing memory emotion Posterior caudal end of cortex Between oc cipital lobe and central Ventrolat eral portion by temples Lobe Location Frontal From central suclus ante rior Primary Function Movement higher order cognition How do the parts of the brain work together Association areas of each lobe seem to further process one sensory modality not in tegrate it with another Rather easy to fool your brain when senses need to combine Ventriloquism Lecture 12 Research Methods ch 4 pg 109 skip pg 117 119 How do we figure out what part of the brain is responsible for certain behaviors Multiple techniques must reliably support a hypothesis Research Methods Effects of brain damage Correlation of anatomy with behavior Effects of brain stimulation Brain activity during behavior Assessing effects of brain damage Human studies Difficult to assess directly because damage is not typically localized and differs between people Can mimic to some extent with high intensity transcranial magnetic stimulation Animal studies Assess specificity by ablating lesioning specific areas or knocking out the genes responsible Must utilize proper controls sham
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