Genetics What is heritability how do we study it what are twin and adoption studies what do their results tell us and what are the problems with studying it Estimate of how much of the variance in characteristic within a population is due to a differences in heredity genes Biochemical methods certain genes more common among people with depression How much is the gene associated with the condition How does it produce its effect What environmental conditions moderate or exacerbate its effect Can we undo the effect if it s undesirable Twin studies Resemblance MZ DZ high heritability Resemblance MZ DZ low heritability MZ twins share chorion and bloody supply ex more similar prenatal environment compared to DZ twins so could be genetics or could be prenatal enviroment Adoption Studies if adopted kids resemble biological parents more than adoptive parents we assume high heritability Biological children of low IQ or mentally ill parents tend to have similar problems even if raised by great adoptive parents could be genes BUT could be reflection of poor prenatal environment What are examples of environmental influences on traits with otherwise high heritability What is a sex linked gene Understand the heritability of sex linked genes The genes on the sex chromosome X and Y usually on the X about 1500 proteins since there are a lot more genes on it than the Y about 27 proteins If male gets the gene he will display it female must get it on BOTH of her X chromosomes to display the trait If female has it on 1 X chromosome and not the other she is a carrier EX fragile X syndrome most common causes of inherited mental retardation red green color blindness Duchenne muscular dystrophy a progressive degeneration of muscle tissue hemophilia a deficiency in one of several blood clotting factors causes uncontrollable bleeding apparently Queen Victoria of England was a carrier and spread is through the royal line What is a sex limited gene What are examples of each sex linked and sex limited Present in both sexes but has an effect only mostly in one sex Genes are turned on under influence of sex hormones Ex genes for chest hair men and breast size women What is the multiplier effect Genes predispose you to behaviors and to different treatment by others Genes or prenatal influences increase tendency environment facilitates What started out as potentially small effect of genes ends up having a huge behavioral result leads to an overestimation of heritability Terms to know and understand DNA RNA gene chromosome transcription translation homozygous heterozygous dominant recessive DNA deoxyribonucleic acid self replicating double stranded chemical which is a template for RNA 4 nucleotides CGTA RNA Copy of one strand of the DNA template for protein 4 nucleotides CGUA workhorses for the body Chromosome contain DNA we have 46 chromosomes 22 paired autosomal chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes XX female and XY male Transcription when a gene is turned on or expressed it is made into RNA Translation when a gene is turned on or expressed it is made into RNA then into a protein Homozygous same 2 genes person with identical set of genes on the 2 chromosomes is homozygous for that gene Heterozygous person with unmatched pair of genes of the 2 matched chromosomes is heterozygous for that gene Dominant a gene that shows strong effect in heterozygous or homozygous condition tongue rolling is autosomal dominant and so I Huntington s disease Recessive a gene that shows strong effect only in homozygous condition attached earlobes are recessive What is evolution Change over generations in the frequencies of various genes in a population Similarities that we see even between species suggest a common ancestor Differences between species allow us to question what pressures may have causes certain animals to develop certain traits What types of traits move on to the next generation Only heritable traits move on to the next generation acquired traits are not inherited breaking your pinky finger What is natural selection What is artificial selection Natural selection how species acquires their adaptive characteristics The process by which inherited traits that confer a selective advantage increase an animal s likelihood to survive and reproduce become more prevalent in a population Genetic variability occurs due to 1 mixing of DNA recombination and 2 random mutations Artificial selection choose individuals with desired trait and make them parents Why did Darwin prefer decent with modification to evolution Evolution improvement For a gene to go on to the next generation a the carrier must reproduce BUT what is beneficial for reproduction in one generation might not be beneficial later peacock s tail What is epigenetics Why does this new field of research blur the line between environment and genetics Changes in phenotype appearance or gene expression caused by mechanism other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence Because you are changing whether the gene will be expressed or not without doing to the DNA itself by only loosening or tightening the wound around the gene Drug Actions and Substance Abuse In general all drugs of abuse cause dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens Okay not a question but KNOW THAT Stimulants know some examples of stimulant drugs What neurotransmitters do they increase What are some behavioral effects Ex amphetamine cocaine Ritalin ecstasy Increases dopamine in nucleus accumbus and increases serotonin and norepinepherine release they increase excitement activity alertness and mood but decrease fatigue Cocaine what is its method of action ie what does it do at a synapse Blocks reuptake of serotonin dopamine and norepinepherine What does ritalin do at the synapse How is it different from cocaine same effect as cocaine on dopamine but different time course and dose Ritalin increases and decreases slower take less Ritalin at a time as compared to cocaine What does ecstasy do at the synapse What are the effects of long term use neurons What are some psychological cognitive effects Know examples of hormones that ecstasy affects and the behavioral result Increases Da release at high doses it also increases serotonin release What is serotonin syndrome Understand why drug interactions could cause it too much serotonin released into body because of too much of a serotonin agonist or because mixing drugs that all act in some capacity as serotonin agonists The interactions of drugs could cause serotonin
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