Chapter 1 Biological Approach to Behavior perspective 1 What are four ways behavior can be explained using a bio psychological Physiological relates a behavior to the activity of the brain and other organs deals with machinery of body Example chemical reaction that causes muscle contraction Otogenic describes how a structure of behavior develops including influence of genes nutrition experiences and interactions Evolutionary emphasizes historical influences of natural selection Functional describes why a structure of behavior evolved as it did example Goosebumps the advantage of that behavior 2 What are four reasons that animals are used to explore research questions Animals are used to explore research questions because of their similarity to humans their differences from humans evolutionary perspective and because of ethics and limitations Genetics and Behavior 1 What are genes e g composition location and how do they influence behavior Genes are units of heredity maintain identity throughout generations composed of DNA located in the cell s nucleus and usually come in pairs because they are aligned along chromosomes DNA is an instruction template isolated in the nucleus DNA is then transcribed into RNA which takes information out of the nucleus and serves as a template for amino acid sequencing The next process is translation where RNA is translated into proteins which become body tissue and functional components For behavior to persist across generations it must have some adaptive significance 2 What attributes of genes determines what type of trait will be expressed Homozygous genes on each chromosome are identical b b Heterozygous genes on each chromosome are different B b Dominant expressed trait will show through in either homozygous or heterozygous condition B B B b Recessive expressed trait will only show through in homozygous condition b b 3 Differentiate between sex linked and sex limited genes Sex linked genes found only on sex chromosomes more often expressed in Males Sex limited genes found on autosomes expression based on hormones 4 Name two phenomena that alter genetic material and describe how they are different Mutation change in gene expression due to a change to DNA results in altered amino acid sequencing and thus protein construction is heritable Epigenetics change in gene expression without a change to the DNA sequence Typically due to environmental factors or experience can be heritable 5 What types of experimental procedures can be used to differentiate between genetic and environmental influences on behavior Studies with genetically modified animals Knockout mice Twin studies Monozygotic identical genetic code Dizygotic fraternal as genetically similar as typical siblings Adoption studies Gene association studies Chapter 2 Nerve and Glial Cells 1 Link cell structures with their function Membrane separates inside of cell from outside protects cell Nucleus structure that contains the chromosomes heredity control Mitochondria power house of cell convert things to ATP energy Ribosomes sites at which cells synthesize new protein molecules Endoplasmic reticulum transport newly synthesized proteins to other locations 2 What are neurons specialized to do Name the parts of neurons that enable this specialization Neurons receive information and transmit it to other cells They are made up of a cell body soma and branching extensions specialized to receive and transmit signals Dendrites branching fibers that get narrower near the ends l lined with specialized synaptic receptors Dendrites receive information may be equipped with spines to increase surface area Axon thin fiber of constant diameter sends information May be coated in myelin sheath so information can be conducted faster Spaces interruptions between myelin sheath are called Nodes of Ranvier Presynaptic Terminal end of axon where electrical action turns chemical point which the axon releases chemicals that cross through the junction between one neuron and the next A neuron can have a number of dendrites but only one axon axon can have branches far from the soma meter long in length 3 Name three types of neurons how they differ and what their function is Motor Neuron has its soma in the spinal cord it receives excitation from other neurons through its dendrites and conducts impulses along its axon to a muscle Sensory Neuron receives information from the environment and sens information to the rest of the Nervous System Interneurons or intrinsic neurons connect sensory to motor neuron within a single structure A sensory neuron is specialized at one end to be highly sensitive to a particular type of stimulation light sound touch etc and then sends a signal on 4 What is meant by the directional terms afferent and efferent Afferent projecting to axon brings information into structure ex receptor in skin Efferent projecting from carries information away from structure every sensory neuron is an afferent to the rest of the Nervous System every motor neuron is an efferent from the Nervous System within the nervous system a given neuron is an efferent from on structure and afferent to another 5 What do specific glia cells do What structure is composed of glia Glia are support cells they do not transmit information over long distances as neurons do Astrocytes star shaped wrap around the presynaptic terminals of a group of functionally related axons By taking up ions released by axons then releasing them back to axons they help synchronize activity enabling them to send messages in waves they also remove waste material control amount of blood flow to brain and recycle glutamate Microglia very small immune system of nervous system removes waste Oligodendrocytes build myelin sheaths that surround and insulate neurons of the brain and spinal cord Schwann build myelin sheaths on neurons other than those in the brain and spinal cord Radial glia guide placement of neurons during development then differentiate into other glia Nerve Impulses 1 The distribution of what particles is responsible for the resting membrane potential of neurons The distribution of ions such as sodium and potassium are responsible for the resting membrane potential of neurons The cell membrane has a resting potential because the charge differs on either side of the membrane the membrane is said to have an electrical gradient or to be polarized Sodium Potassium Pump an active transport that requires energy repeatedly transports 3 sodium ions out
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