Chapter 4 Neuroanatomy Part 1 Dorsal towards the back Ventral towards stomach ventriloquist stomach talker Medial towards the center Lateral away from center Anterior to the front Posterior to the rear end Contralateral on opposite side Ipsilateral on same side Nerve a bundle of axons in PNS can go to or out of CNS Tract projection a bundle of axons completely within CNS Ganglion cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS Nuclei cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS Gray Matter area consisting mainly of cell bodies White Matter area consisting mainly of axons 1 Name and differentiate between the two main subcategories of the vertebrate nervous system The Vertebrate Nervous System includes The Central Nervous System CNS which is made up of the brain and spinal cord and The Peripheral Nervous System PNS which consists of all neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body 2 Describe the subdivisions and sub subdivisions of the PNS What neurotransmitters function here The PNS is made up of two parts the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system Somatic Nervous System series of neurons that communicate from sense organs to the CNs and from the CNS to the muscles those you consciously control part of each cell is in the CNs and part is in the PNS Autonomic Nervous System regulates involuntary activity of internal organs has some of its cell bodies within the brain or spinal cord and some in clusters along the sides of the spinal cord o Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight emergency system its main function is to expend energy signals via norepinephrine noradrenaline increases o Parasympathetic Nervous System facilitates vegetative non emergency responses main function is to conserve energy signals via acetylcholine decreases 3 How does the spinal cord receive and send information to and from the PNS The Spinal Cord is part of the CNS within the spinal column It communicates with all the sense organs and muscles except those of the head It is a segmented structure each segment has two sets of spinal nerves on each side sensory information comes in from PNS via nerves that enter the dorsal side towards the back and motor information leaves to the PNS via nerves on the ventral side towards stomach 4 What are some of the functions of the hindbrain List the structures that compose it and what systems traverse it The hindbrain is the posterior part of the brain consists of the medulla pons and cerebellum Medulla pons and certain central structures of the forebrain constitute the brainstem Medulla just above spinal cord regulates vital reflexes such as breathing heart rate and salivation through cranial nerves which are 12 pairs of nerves that relay sensations from the head and control muscle movements of the head Pons anterior and ventral to medulla nuclei that deal primarily with swallowing bladder control taste posture via communication with cerebellum First place where information becomes contralateral Cerebellum large hindbrain structure with many deep folds important for balance and coordination as well as attention and timing Systems that start in Medulla and Pons but also go into mid and forebrain Reticular formation involved in attention arousal and sleep Raphe System involved in attention vigilance and mood serotonin main neurotransmitter here so antidepressants might work here 5 In a rat midbrain the tectum is dorsal or ventral to the tegmentum What structures compose the tectum and what are their functions Name the final structure found in the midbrain and the neurotransmitter it uses In the rat midbrain the tectum is dorsal to the tegmentum The roof of the midbrain is called the tectum it is composed of the superior colliculus which controls vision and the inferior colliculus which controls hearing The tegmentum controls eye movement The final structure of the mid brain is the Substantia Nigra which controls movement dopamine is the main neurotransmitter here break down of dopamine neurons here involved in development of Parkinson s 6 Does the forebrain communicate contralaterally or ipsilaterally Describe the function of the two systems found in the forebrain and name the structures that compose them What is meant by saying that the thalamus acts as an information relay station The Forebrain is the most prominent part of mammalian brain it consists of two cerebral hemispheres one on the left and one on the right each hemisphere is organized to receive sensory information mostly from the contralateral opposite side of the body It is composed of the Cerebral Cortex which is the outer layer of the cerebrum and is responsible for higher order thinking and also subcortical structures Subcortical structures include Thalamus relays information to and from cortex most sensory information goes first to the thalamus which processes it and sends output to the cerebral cortex Limbic System reward motivation and emotion it connects multiple parts of the forebrain o Hypothalamus small area at the base of the brain just ventral to the thalamus it is involved in motivation and hormone regulation via pituitary gland attached to base of hypothalamus o Amygdala involved in attention aggression and mood o Hippocampus large structure between the thalamus and cerebral cortex toward posterior of forebrain involved in learning and memory Basal Ganglia system that connects multiple parts of the forebrain it has 3 major structures the caudate nucleus putamen and Globus pallidus all involved in coordination of brain activity movement attention and planning problems with inhibitory neurons in this area may be responsible for OCD Basal Forebrain connects multiple parts of the forebrain has nucleus basalis key part of the brains system for arousal wakefulness and attention Patients with Parkinson s Alzheimer s disease have impairments of attention and intellect because of inactivity or deterioration of their nucleus basalis 7 Describe the fluid system in the brain and one condition that may occur due to problems with it What structure produces CSF The Nervous System begins its development as a tube surrounding a fluid canal the canal persists into adulthood as the central canal and as the ventricles 4 filled cavities within the brain lateral third and fourth ventricles These spaces are filled with cerebrospinal fluid CSF that is produced by cells inside the ventricles called choroid plexus This fluid flows from ventricles to central canal and narrow spaces
View Full Document
Unlocking...