Study Guide for PSB2000 Sections 06 Exam 4 It is always advisable to know the key terms introduced in each section However the study hints listed here by chapter will also help you focus on other important concepts for the exam Chapter 12 1 12 2 Study Hints Emotion and Aggression What are 3 aspects of an emotional state 1 Cognition assessing the situation this is bad this is good 2 Readiness for action what we do depending on the situation run away stay 3 A feeling what is produced from that situation I m scared I m happy What is the James Lange theory of emotion Know the order of the 3 aspects of an emotional state according to this theory Event appraisal action emotional feeling 3 aspects of emotional state cognition readiness for action a feeling What are some brain areas involved in emotion What are some examples of the right hemisphere being more responsive to emotional stimuli How is the prefrontal cortex involved in emotion Limbic system emotion center o Amygdala fear and anger Pre frontal cortex decision making Insular cortex experiences recognizing faces disgust Right hemisphere is more responsive to emotional stimuli o More activity in right amygdala when listening to laughter or crying o o If right temporal cortex is damaged it is difficult to identify other s emotional states Inactive right hemisphere can identify feelings but doesn t actually feel emotion What do twin studies and adoption studies tell us about the role of heredity in aggressive behavior What about smoking while pregnant Studies suggest genetic influence in violent behavior o Monozygotic twins are more aggressive o Adopted kids aggressive behaviors are most pronounced with biological parents with criminal records and dysfunction in adoptive family Smoking during pregnancy high likelihood of a son to be arrested for a violent crime o Number of cigs smoked a day correlates to violent behavior But also mothers who smoke while pregnant don t necessarily provide the best environment for the child o The more cigs smoked during pregnancy the higher chance kid will be arrested as teenager for violent crime What is some evidence that low serotonin turnover is associated with aggressive behavior Low serotonin turnover is correlated with aggressive behavior Incarcerated men have low serotonin turnover How is testosterone related to aggressive behavior Testosterone doesn t compel violent behavior but it is related to it Some incarcerated males have high testosterone High testosterone in women reduces the ability to recognize facial expression of anger What is the role of the amygdala in processing fear and other emotions What kinds of stimuli activate the amygdala What are some behavioral cognitive consequences of damage to the amygdala Know the experiment about the resident and intruder hamsters and the activation of the amygdala in those hamsters Amygdala receives input from cortex like vision hearing and smell and sends output to different parts of the brain for responses like autonomic response hypothalamus approach and avoidance prefrontal and startle reflex midbrain then pons then spinal cord Stimuli that produce fear or anger judging someone s goodness or badness trying to figure out complicated emotional stimuli or looking at someone else s face that depicts fear or anger active the amygdala Damage to amygdala still feel emotions but impaired in processing emotional info when it is complicated or indirect o Trouble recognizing guilt arrogance anger surprise admiration and flirtation o Trouble rating how trustful someone is o Can t recognize fear because they can t focus on the eyes Resident hamster attacks the first intruder hamster but not immediately Resident hamster attacks second intruder hamster immediately o If amygdala is stimulated aggressive behavior is immediately shown Chapter 12 3 Study Hints Stress and Health Can you differentiate between acute chronic physical stressors and psychological social stressors Acute stressor lions bears Chronic physical stressor drought famine parasites Psychological stressor relationships debt death The stress response is the body s attempt to restore balance when demands are made on it What two systems are important in the stress response It would be good to have a general understanding of the mechanisms involved in both 1 Autonomic system nervous system especially the sympathetic nervous system fight or flight response that prepares the body for 2 The HPA axis hypothalamus pituitary gland adrenal cortex which is activated with prolonged stressors beneficial in the short Selye and the General Adaptation Syndrome would make excellent matching on an exam alarm stage resistance stage exhaustion stage etc brief emergency responses term but detrimental in the long term Alarm stage increased sympathetic nervous system activity Inhibits digestion growth production and immunity Increases heart beat blood pressure and breathing Resistance stage sympathetic response declines HPA adrenal cortex releases cortisol and other hormones that enable body to maintain prolonged alertness Increased cortisol heating the house by burning the furniture Exhaustion stage after prolonged stress Characterized by inactivity vulnerability and decreased energy Can you name at least three effects of severe or prolonged stress on memory o o o Hippocampal neurons are killed Decline of memory because of high cortisol Dendrite and axon retraction Long term depression We discussed growth hormone GH effects related to stress Know some basic effects of GH during development and for adults and realize that glucocorticoids released during stress HPA axis counteract the effects of GH Active touch can be a GH stimulus GH sends energy to muscles when fight or flight Adults secrete GH to heal wounds this is released mostly during slow wave sleep Glucocorticoids which are released during stress counteract the effects of GH What are some other hormones of the stress response ACHT causes adrenal gland to secrete cortisol GH Glucagon raised blood sugar Prolactin suppresses reproduction Endorphins and enkephalins analgesia decrease pain Testosterone estrogen GH and insulin are inhibited Psychoneuroimmunology deals with how the immune system and CNS influence each other What important role do cytokines play What are stress effects on the immune system Slides 24 and 25 Cytokines increase production of natural killer cells They can trigger symptom of illness as a reaction of stress Short term stress is okay
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