Arcuate nucleus hypothalamic nucleus containing antagonistic sets of neurons responsive to peripheral hunger and satiety signals Dorsal raphe nucleus of the pons that allows for transitioning out of REM sleep Lateral hypothalamus hunger center of the hypothalamus destruction results in refusal to eat Lateral preoptic area hypothalamic nucleus that promotes water seeking intergrates signals from stomach to cease drinking Locus coeruleus nucleus of the pons that projects to the cortex and strengthens emotional memories Mullerian system portion of the undifferentiated prenatal gonadal system from which female genitalia emerge OVLT and SFO hypothalamic nuclei that detect osmotic pressure Paraventricular nucleus PVN hypothalamic nuclei that control pituitary release of ADH Pontomesencephalon nucleus of the pons that generates spontaneous activity and receives info form the senses to promote wakefulness PVN and SON hypothalamic nucleus where second order hunger and satiety signals are integrated contains melanocortin 4 receptors Retinohypothalamic path projects from specialized ganglion cells of the retina to the SCN Sexually dimorphic nucleus hypothalamic nucleus implicated in male sexual beavhior reliably different in size and activity in men compared to women Splanchnic nerves projections communicating nutritive content of the stomach Superchiasmatic nucleus hypothalamic nucleus that serves as our biological clock Vagus nerves projections communicating stretch of the stomach Ventromedial hypothalamus satiety center of the hypothalamus destructions results in overeating Wolffian system portion of the undifferentiated prenatal gonadal system from which male genitalia emerge Acetylcholine used by the basal forebrain to increase attention and to shift from non REM to REM sleep Acetycholine and glutamate used by pontomesencephalon to promote wakefulness ADH vasopressin released by the pituitary enables kidneys to reabsorb water and constricts blood vessels Aldosterone promotes salt retention and intake with help from Ang II androgens steroid hormone necessary for development of the wolffian system angiotensin II activated by renin promotes drinking behavior also constricts blood vessels like vasopressin CCK satiation peptide released by duodenum in response to intestinal distension Estrogen steroid hormone found in greater abundance in females than males GABA main neurotransmitter responsible for sleep specifically used in the basal forebrain to decrease alertness by inhibiting the cortex and thalamus Ghrelin hunger peptide produced by stomach Glucagon peptide released by the pancreas that allows glucose to be released from the liver when blood sugar levels are low Histamine used in the hypothalamus during times of arousal and alertness Insulin peptide released by the pancreas that allows glucose to enter cells when blood sugar levels are high Leptin peptide released by adipocytes in proptions to how much fat the cells contain Melatonin produced at night by pineal gland promotes sleepiness Mullerian inhibiting hormone hormone produced by the testes that inhibits development of female genitalia Norepinephrine used by locus coeruleus in response to meaningful events NPY and AgRP peptides released by arcuate neurons in response to ghrelin inhibited by CCK insulin leptin OEA satiation peptide released by duodenum in response to fats Orexin hypocretin used in the hypothalamus to stay awake though not to promote wakefulness lack is associated with narcolepsy Oxytosin horomone that facilitates bonding between sexual partners and between parents and children POMC and CART peptides released by arcuate neurons in response to CCK leptin insulin Renin released by kidneys in response to blood pressure changes Serotonin used by the dorsal raphe to allow transitions out of REM sleep
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