Brain and Behavior Final Exam 04 25 2014 CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1 Know the parts of a neuron and their functions Be able to label the parts of a neuron Membrane o Defines the outer boundaries of a cell and also constitutes many of the cell organelles o Containing the nucleolus and chromosomes o A structure within the nucleus of a cell that produces the Nucleus Nucleolus ribosomes Mitochondrion nutrients Endoplasmic Reticulum o An organelle that is responsible for extracting energy from o Rough ER contains ribosomes and is involved with production of proteins that are secreted by the cell Smooth ER is the site of synthesis of lipids and provides channels for the segregation of molecules involved in various cellular processes Golgi Apparatus o A complex of parallel membranes in the cytoplasm that wraps the products of a secretory cell 2 How are sensory neurons and motor neurons different from each other Motor Neurons The cell body soma lives in the spinal cord The axon is part of a nerve in your body The terminals synapse with muscle fibers Sensory Neurons The soma lives just outside of the spinal cord in a dorsal root ganglion Most of its length is an axon Specialized endings in the skin and its terminals are in the spinal cord Sensory is unipolar Motor is multipolar 3 What are the functions of oligodendrocytes and schwann cells Are there other types of glial cells Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells Astrocytes wrap around terminals of related axons remove waste myelin in CNS myelin in PNS material provide structural support Microglia repair Radial glia guide migration and after development turn into neurons GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN 1 What where is the blood brain barrier Thicker wall surrounding the blood vessels Endothelial cells w tight junctions surrounding capillaries Astrocytes surround endothelial cells 2 What is gray matter White matter Gray matter cerebral cortex White matter consists mostly of myelinated axons 3 What are the 3 primary divisions of the brain Hindbrain pons medulla cerebellum Midbrain top portion of brainstem Forebrain cortex thalamus hypothalamus hippocampus amygdala basal ganglia etc 4 For the following brain structures be able to identify them on a midline section of the brain and know generally what they do medulla pons cerebellum midbrain thalamus hypothalamus pituitary gland corpus callosum Also know hippocampus and amygdala although you couldn t find them on a sagittal section of the brain because they are not midline structures Medulla VITALS breathing heart rate vomiting salivation coughing sneezing Pons part of brain stem Cerebellum Movement rate range force direction well learned movements balance posture sensory timing Midbrain visual and auditory stimuli don t think about it reflexive substantia nigra cells that make dopamine part of basal ganglia Thalamus motor emotional memory Relaty station filter for sensory info on its way to cortex Hypothalamus 4 f s feed fight flight fuck maintenance of homeostasis communicates w pituitary to alter hormones pituitary stalk Pituitary gland hormones Hippocampus learning memory Corpus callosum how hemispheres communicate with one another Amygdala emotion 5 Cranial nerves what is their general function I ll give you this one sensory and motor for face and head know what that means How many are there 12 pairs Sensory motor for head face Important for neuro exams autonomic component pupil constriction tearing salivating cardiovascular functions 6 We discussed 2 systems the limbic system and the basal ganglia Know the general function s of each Limbic system amygdala emotion hippocampus learning memory Basal ganglia Facilitate or inhibit cortical activity motor control memory and emotional expression 7 Be able to locate the lobes of the cortex know what primary sensory cortex is associated with each Also know which lobe contains motor cortex and prefrontal cortex Frontal front o Primary cortex back of frontal motor commands voluntary o Prefrontal cortex very front of frontal executive functions o Motor cortex voluntary movement motor production of o Somatosensory cortex front of parietal 1st to process touch o Auditory cortex 1st to process sound info movement planning insight language brocas Parietal top back info Temporal temples Occipital back o Visual cortex vision 8 What are ventricles Ventricles fluid filled spaces within brain filled with CSF 9 What where are the meninges Meninges just inside the skull attached to brain Stabilizes brain skull and protects CNS SPINAL CORD AND PNS 1 Know the parts of the spinal cord dorsal horn ventral horn dorsal root ventral root central canal dorsal root ganglion Be able to label them on a figure Dorsal horn Specialized endings enter here and travel to brain Ventral horn The soma lies here spinal cord Dorsal root sensory brings in near spinal cord Ventral root motor sends out near spinal cord Central canal cerebrospinal fluid filled space that runs through the length of the spinal cord Dorsal root ganglion sensory neuron lives here 2 Know the Bell Magendie law Bell Magendie Sensory info enters dorsal and motor info leaves ventral 3 Generally speaking what is a reflex Reflex Involuntary stereotyped response to a sensory input o Stretch reflex muscle contraction in response to stretch o Reflexes can be modifiable 4 What structures comprise the CNS and what structures comprise the PNS CNS brain and spinal cord PNS somatic autonomic parasympathetic sympathetic 5 How is the PNS subdivided What are the distinct roles of the somatic enteric sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems Enteric reflexes Somatic voluntary muscles Autonomic involuntary muscles o Parasympathetic peace sympathetic stress 6 Understand the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in terms of 1 under what circumstances each one is activated and 2 physiological effects Sympathetic o Axons activate organs for fight or flight o Increases BP HR adrenaline oxygen circulation pupil size and blood clotting Parasympathetic o Activated under nonemergency functions o Inhibits physiological effects of sympathetic NS ACTION POTENTIAL AND RESTING POTENTIAL 1 When the cell is at rest which ions are most highly concentrated inside of the cell and which ones are most highly concentrated outside of the cell At rest sodium chloride is outside potassium is inside 2 What is a voltage gated channel Where are they Voltage gated channel a protein channel that is open closed depending on
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