5 7 2014 Course Business Today is the last lecture an emotional day for us all Final exam next week 6 30 9 00 same room Lecture Lab Text Book Australopiths Australopith Diet Ch 11 Early Homo Oldowan Early Homo Ch 12 H erectus anatomy behavior Out of Africa 1 Homo erectus Ch 13 Archaic H sapiens anatomy behavior Late Homo Ch 14 Neanderthal anatomy behavior Ch 15 Modern H sapiens anatomy behavior Out of Africa 2 1 Origin of modern humans Anatomically modern Homo sapiens Behaviorally modern Homo sapiens When where why 2 1 5 7 2014 Hominin Date Ranges Early hominins 7 0 4 4 Ma Gracile australopiths 4 2 2 0 Ma Robust australopiths 2 3 1 2 Ma Early Homo H habilis and H rudolphensis 2 0 1 6 Ma Homo erectus 1 8 mya 50 ka Archaic Homo sapiens H heidelbergensis 600 125 ka Homo neanderthalensis 150 30 ka Homo floresiensis 90 11 ka Anatomically modern Homo sapiens AMHs 195 ka 3 Modern human It s complete Homo neanderthalensis Homo floresiensis Paranthropus boisei Paranthropus robustus Archaic Homo sapiens Homo erectus Homo rudolfensis Homo habilis Paranthropus aethiopicus Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus anamensis Ardipithecus 4 2 5 7 2014 Cranial features of Homo sapiens Gracile skull and postcranial anatomy Limited brow ridges no superstructures Rounded cranium with maximum breadth high on the vault Orthognathic face Small teeth and jaws Obvious chin 5 Figure 14 01 6 3 5 7 2014 7 Anatomically modern humans emerge in Africa Modern human behaviors also emerge in Africa although separate and later than anatomical features 8 4 5 7 2014 Africa Human fossils considered anatomically modern Homo sapiens although not entirely Omo Ethiopia 195 ka Herto Ethiopia 160 ka Ngaloba Tanzania 120 ka Florisbad S Africa 259 ka archaic H sapiens Definitely fully anatomically modern Homo sapiens Aduma Ethiopia 100 ka Border Cave S Africa 80 50 ka Klasies River Mouth S Africa 120 90 ka 9 Omo Ethiopia 195 ka Oldest AMHs Two partial skulls four mandibles hundreds of teeth Indicates there is a significant time gap between anatomically modern and behaviorally modern Homo sapiens 10 5 5 7 2014 Herto Ethiopia 160 ka 11 11 Klasies River Mouth South Africa 120 50 ka Fragmentary cranial postcranial fossils 12 6 5 7 2014 AMHs at Klasies River Mouth 13 Thus anatomically modern Homo sapiens are well established by 120 ka in Africa 14 7 5 7 2014 Near East Anatomically modern Homo sapiens Skh l Cave Israel 110 ka Qafzeh Cave Israel 90 ka 15 The Near East Qafzeh 9 Skhul V 16 8 5 7 2014 Europe Mladec Czech Republic 33 ka Predmosti Czech Republic 27 ka Pe tera cu Oase Romania 36 ka Cro Magnon France 27 ka 17 Pe tera cu Oase Romania 36 ka 18 18 9 5 7 2014 Asia Gap in fossil record Anatomically modern Homo sapiens appears in China perhaps around 65 ka in Java around 40 ka Annamite Mountains Laos 63 ka Zhoukoudian Upper Cave China 27 ka 19 Lake Mungo Australia Most complete early site 50 ka Three fully modern skulls within range of variation of modern Australian aborigines One skeleton cremated one covered with red ochre Fully modern behavior Bone tools Cave paintings 17 ka Hearths 20 10 5 7 2014 21 What is going on in the world during the emergence of Homo sapiens 22 11 5 7 2014 23 Models of Modern Human Origins 1 Replacement Model 2 Multiregional Model 24 12 5 7 2014 Models of Global Human Origins 25 Milford Wolpoff Multiregional Model Regional Continuity Model There was continuous evolution from all Middle Pleistocene hominins to modern humans constitutes a single morphologically variable species from 1 8 Ma Due to gene flow and local selection local populations did not evolve independently from one another Prevented speciation between regional lineages 26 13 5 7 2014 Replacement model Out of Africa Chris Stringer Modern human genes evolved in an African population 200 100 ka People carrying these genes spread throughout Africa and differentiated genetically but were still modern Around 100 50 ka people from one African population left Africa and spread across the world replacing other hominin populations 27 What evidence do we have Fossil record Supports Replacement Model first AMHs appear in Africa and subsequently in Asia then Europe then New World Genetic data Until recently DNA studies were inconclusive Soares et al 2012 study showed that an East African population ancestral to many sub African lineages and all non African lineages began to disperse within and out of Africa 60 70 ka 28 14 5 7 2014 Mitochondrial DNA Evidence 29 Most data supports Out ofAfrican or Replacement Model 30 15 5 7 2014 Any Questions 31 What was the behavior of early Homo sapiens like What does behavioral modernity even mean 32 16 5 7 2014 Most basic definition Use of and ability to communicate with symbols 33 Blombos Cave South Africa 75 ka the earliest solid evidence for symbols 34 17 5 7 2014 Blombos Cave Ocher 35 Slightly more complex definition Increase of AMHs geographic range into habitats requiring improved technologies therefore indicating cognitive sophistication 36 18 5 7 2014 Katanda Congo 90 ka Bone points Barbed bone points 37 More complex definition what are the archaeological benchmarks Modern behavior markers blade and microlith technologies bone tools increased geographic range specialized hunting use of aquatic resources long distance trade systematic processing and use of pigment and art and decoration 38 19 5 7 2014 Mosaic evolution of modern behaviors Modern behavioral package is gradually assembled by AMHs during the late Pleistocene and then exported throughout the world during out of Africa expansion Many Middle Stone Age AMHs sites have evidence of some of these behaviors All Later Stone Age sites indicate behaviorally modern Homo sapiens MSA LSA is the same as transition to behaviorally modern Homo sapiens McBrearty and Brooks 2000 39 Middle Stone Age MSA Prepared core techniques such as Levallois Appears in middle Pleistocene 285 ka Found with archaic Homo sapiens Homo heidelbergensis anatomically modern Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis 40 20 5 7 2014 Varied stone point styles in the MSA McBrearty and Brooks 2000 41 Aspects of Later Stone Age LSA LSA 50 ky First seen at Pinnacle Point South Africa 71 ka Microliths reduction in size Regional specialization Increase in bone antler and shell tools Includes tools used as needles awls harpoons fishhooks buttons etc 42 21 5 7 2014 Pinnacle Point South Africa 160 40 ka Red ochre Bladelets Marine resources for food 43 Pinnacle Point
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