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1 1. Raymond Dart’s discovery of the Taung Child (Australopithecus africanus) in South Africa in 1924 uprooted the idea of a Eurocentric human evolution. Raymond Dart reconstructed the Taung Child as a biped due to its: A. Position of the foramen magnum underneath the skull. B. The sagittally oriented glenoid fossa. C. The valgus angle of its femur. D. The robust cranial morphology. E. Large intraorbital fossa. 2. True or False: Bipedality evolved after the evolution of large brains. A. True B. False 3. The difference between a niche and a habitat is: A. Habitat is reflective of the global climate; niche is reflective of local climate B. Habitat describes the effects of tectonic activity; niche is defined by ecology of a particular area C. Niche is where you live on the landscape; habitat is how you’re getting energy out of the environment D. Habitats are where you live on the landscape; niche is how you’re getting energy out of the environment E. An individual has a niche whereas a species has a habitat 4. The image above is a partial maxilla (upper palate) of a human. What tooth is the arrow pointing to? A. incisor B. canine C. premolar D. molar E. carnassial x2 5. Excavating in East Africa, Risa uncovered an australopith specimen which had an orthognathic face, sagittal crest, and a tall ascending ramus. Based on these features, what genus classification would you give to this hominin? A. Australopithecus B. Sahelanthropus C. Paranthropus D. Homo E. Orrorin 6. True or False: Natural selection is the only force of evolution that produces novel, or new, alleles. A. True B. False 7. Which three hominin genera listed below are the earliest probable (but still debated) hominins? A. Australopithecus, Pongo, and Propliopithecus B. Pan, Sahelanthropus, and Paranthropus C. Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and Pan D. Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, and Orrorin E. Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, and Ardipithecus 8. The primate mating system is influenced by all of the following factors EXCEPT: A. The relative size of the brain to the body B. The distribution and abundance of resources C. The physical ability to defend females D. The requirements of parental investment E. The predictability of female cycling 9. You have decided to do a behavioral study of the Japanese macaques at the Minnesota Zoo. For the observational method, you choose to record multiple individuals at a time but only record observations at 1-minute intervals. What observational method have you chosen to use? A. Ad libitum sampling B. Focal animal sampling C. Scan sampling D. Continuous sampling E. Point sampling 10. At an archaeological site there is a hominin occupation that was preserved in a volcanic tuff that contains burnt stone tools. What is/are the way(s) that this occupation can be dated? A. Radiocarbon dating B. Potassium-Argon dating C. Thermoluminescence dating D. Uranium series dating E. Both B and C3 11. Inclusive fitness is defined as: A. An individual’s reproductive success. B. Reproductive success gained from close relatives. C. The sum of an individual’s direct reproductive success, plus its influence on the reproductive success of its relatives, devalued by their degrees of relatedness. D. The amount of fitness gained from distant relatives. E. The sum of the reproductive success of close relatives, plus the reproductive success of distant relatives, devalued by their degrees of relatedness. 12. Which of these statements is true about the differences between Australopithecus and Paranthropus? A. Australopithecus is more robust than Paranthropus. B. Australopithecus and Paranthropus only differ significantly in cranial morphology. C. Paranthropus is more arboreal than Australopithecus. D. Paranthropus is more prognathic than Australopithecus. E. Australopithecus has short, round cusps and Paranthropus has tall, pointy cusps. 13. According to the polygyny threshold model discussed in lab, polygyny is predicted for redwing black birds when: A. There are more males than females B. Predation threats are extremely high C. Resources are evenly distributed throughout the environment D. There is little risk from predation E. Territory quality and resource availability are highly variable 14. Which of the following is the correct chronological order of the late Cenozoic epochs from oldest to most recent? A. Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, Holocene B. Pleistocene, Pliocene, Miocene, Holocene C. Pliocene, Holocene, Miocene, Pleistocene D. Holocene, Pleistocene, Miocene, Pliocene E. Holocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene 15. While excavating in Kenya, Abbey discovered a mandible of an organism that had a dental formula of 2.1.2.3 and had bilophodont molars. Based on these characteristics, how should Abbey classify this primate? A. New World monkey B. Ape C. Tarsier D. Old World monkey E. Strepsirrhine 16. The study of different rock layers and the sequence of events they reflect is called: A. Paleontology. B. Taphonomy. C. Archaeology. D. Climatology. E. Stratigraphy.4 Use the picture below to answer questions 17-18: 17. What bone is this? A. Scapula B. Femur C. Humerus D. Innominate E. Sacrum 18. Which bone articulates with the bone illustrated here at the area indicated by the arrow? A. Innominate. B. Ulna. C. Femur. D. Humerus. E. Scapula. 19. Why do female chimpanzees spend more time fishing for termites than hunting for red-colobus monkey meat? A. Females do not roam in the forest where red-colobus monkeys live. B. Eating termites yields more in terms of caloric intake compared to consuming meat C. Termite fishing can be done safely with an accompanying infant, also affording it a learning opportunity. D. Female chimpanzees do not have the ability to hunt successfully. E. Their meat consumption relies on the success of their male partners and the level of food sharing. 20. Which of the following is NOT an example of an absolute dating technique? A. Radiocarbon dating B. Argon/Argon dating C. Uranium series dating D. Thermoluminescence E. Biostratigraphy5 21. ALL of the following conclusions can be drawn from the above figure EXCEPT: A. Males in single-male groups invest more in fighting ability (large body size, long canine teeth). B. Monogamous primates have the lowest level of body size dimorphism. C. Sperm competition is most important in multi-male primate groups. D.


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U of M ANTH 1001 - Midterm 2

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