3/5/2014 1 Primates 1 Course Business • Midterm 1 – Mean = 39.85 – High score = 47 – Low score = 19 – SD= 5.8 – 90th Percentile = 45 – 75th Percentile = 43 – 50th Percentile = 40 – 25th Percentile = 36 – 10th Percentile = 32 23/5/2014 2 Topics for today • Survey of the living primates – Anatomical traits – Life history traits – Ecological and dietary traits 3 Topics for today • Primate social behavior – Types of mating systems – Effects of social hierarchies – More evolutionary theory… • Inclusive fitness and kin selection – Specific primate examples of mating systems 43/5/2014 3 Primates Old World “Monkeys” 101 species Apes 18 species Lemurs, Lorises & Galagos 91 species © Todd M. Preuss A. Rylands (2004) IUCN PSG New World “Monkeys” 132 species ~55 mya ~65 mya ~23 mya ~6 mya Lemurs Lorises & Galagos Tarsiers New World “Monkeys” Old World “Monkeys” Gibbons Orangutan Gorilla Human Chimpanzees Tarsiers 4 species 5 What is a primate? 63/5/2014 4 What is a primate? • Hard to diagnose – Primate features tend to be ancestral (vs. derived) and generalized – Primates tend to have a suite of certain features – More useful to discuss evolutionary trends of modern primates 7 What is a primate? • Remember, when classifying organisms, we want to use shared, derived traits… • Although primates are defined by a suite of shared, derived traits, not all primates have these traits • Primates are a diverse group of animals 83/5/2014 5 Evolutionary trends in modern primates • Limbs and locomotion – Generalized skeleton/body plan – Flexible, generalized limbs (clavicle, rotating forearms) – Tendency toward upright posture 9 Evolutionary trends in modern primates • Hands and feet – Adapted for grasping – Divergent, opposable thumb (pollex) and big toe (hallux) – Five digits – Highly sensitive digits – Nails, instead of claws 103/5/2014 6 Evolutionary trends in modern primates – grasping hands 11 Evolutionary trends in modern primates – opposable thumb/big toe 123/5/2014 7 Evolutionary trends in modern primates – nails, not claws 13 Evolutionary trends in modern primates • Senses and brain – More reliant on vision than olfaction (sense of smell) – Orbital convergence (stereoscopic vision) – Post-orbital bar or wall – Expansion and complexity of brain 143/5/2014 8 Evolutionary trends in modern primates – vision, not olfaction 15 Evolutionary trends in modern primates – vision, not olfaction 163/5/2014 9 Evolutionary trends in modern primates – vision, not olfaction 17 Evolutionary trends in modern primates – orbital convergence 183/5/2014 10 Evolutionary trends in modern primates – orbital convergence 19 Evolutionary trends in modern primates – post-orbital bar or wall • Anatomical adaptation to the importance of vision • Bony protection for the eye • Two forms of protection – Post-orbital bar – Post-orbital wall 203/5/2014 11 Evolutionary trends in modern primates • Reproductive traits and features – One pair of nipples, always pectoral – Long gestation period – Small litter size 21 Evolutionary trends in modern primates • Behavioral trends – Gregarious and social animals – Strong mother-offspring bonds – Precocious (well-developed) infants – Increased child dependency; increased parenting behavior – Long life expectancy 223/5/2014 12 Evolutionary trends in modern primates • Ecological trends – Primarily tropics (~25°N/S of the equator) – Arboreal (generalized body plan) – Most diets based on leaf and/or fruit eating 23 Evolutionary trends in modern primates – diets based on plants 243/5/2014 13 Question: would the earliest primates have all of these features of modern primates? 25 Tree Shrews Lemurs Lorises Tarsiers NW Monkeys OW Monkeys Apes ? Only one shared, derived character in the skeleton of all living and fossil primates – petrosal auditory bulla 263/5/2014 14 Any Questions? 27 STREPSIRHINES OLD WORLD MONKEYS NEW WORLD MONKEYS APES Marmosets Tamarins Capuchins Squirrel monkeys Night monkeys Uakaris & sakis Howlers Spider & woolly monkeys Macaques Mangabeys Mandrills Baboons Vervets & guenons Colobines Gibbons Orangutans Chimpanzees Bonobo Human Tarsiers Lemurs Ruffed lemurs Aye-aye Indris & sifakas Mouse & dwarf lemurs Bushbabies Lorises Gorillas Langurs, leaf monkeys 28 Tarsiers Living Primates3/5/2014 15 Order: Primates • Divided into two Suborders – Strepsirhines and Haplorhines 29 STREPSIRHINES OLD WORLD MONKEYS NEW WORLD MONKEYS APES Marmosets Tamarins Capuchins Squirrel monkeys Night monkeys Uakaris & sakis Howlers Spider & woolly monkeys Macaques Mangabeys Mandrills Baboons Vervets & guenons Colobines Gibbons Orangutans Chimpanzees Bonobo Human Tarsiers Lemurs Ruffed lemurs Aye-aye Indris & sifakas Mouse & dwarf lemurs Bushbabies Lorises Gorillas Langurs, leaf monkeys 30 Tarsiers Living Primates: Strepsirhines3/5/2014 16 Strepsirhines: Lemurs, Lorises, & Galagos • Retain various primitive or ancestral traits – Naked rhinarium (wet, cat-like nose) – 75% of species are nocturnal • Have a tapetum lucidum – Smaller (relatively speaking) brains 31 Strepsirhine Features • Tooth comb • Retain 3 premolars • Grooming claw on 2nd digit • Prognathic face • Unfused mandible • Moist rhinarium • Slightly lateral orbital convergence • Post-orbital bar 323/5/2014 17 Lemurs and kin • Indri • Sifaka • Aye-Aye 33 Lemurs and kin • Only found on Madagascar – Continental drift and an adaptive radiation • Activity pattern: both nocturnal and diurnal • Social groups: larger social groups with dominant female(s) and little competition between males; monogamous pairs • Mainly arboreal • Locomotion: quadrupedal; clinging and leaping • Diet: leaves, flowers, nectar, bamboo shoots 343/5/2014 18 Lemurs and kin: ring-tailed lemur 35 Lemurs and kin: red-ruffed lemur 363/5/2014 19 Lemurs and kin: pygmy mouse lemur 37 Lemurs and kin: aye-aye 383/5/2014 20 Lemurs and kin: sifaka 39 Lemurs and kin: (sub)fossil lemurs (Megaladapis) 403/5/2014 21 Lorises & Galagos 41 Lorises & Galagos 42 • Activity pattern: nocturnal • Social groups: female territories within larger male territories • Mainly arboreal • Locomotion: slow quadrupedal climbing, leaping • Diet: fruits, gums, insects3/5/2014 22 Lorises & Galagos: pygmy slow loris 43 Lorises & Galagos: bushbaby 443/5/2014 23
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