DOC PREVIEW
U of M ANTH 1001 - Lecture 25 12-12-17 Homo sapiens

This preview shows page 1-2-19-20 out of 20 pages.

Save
View full document
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 20 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 20 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 20 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 20 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 20 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience

Unformatted text preview:

12/13/20 171Anatomically Modern Humans2• Advanced compound technology allows true projectiles: the atl-atlor spear-thrower.• Atl-atl does not spread into Eurasia until after 50 kya. • Bow and arrow only certain after 15 kya.Engaging prey at a distance may remove selective force for robust bones?12/13/20 172John Shea, in press.Stone Tools in Human Evolution: The Archaeology of Behavioral Differences Among Technological Primates. Cambridge University Press.Platform coresBlade cores, producing flakes (called “blades”) with a length/width ratio >2:1Microblade cores, cores <5cm producing “bladelets” <1cm wide3Blade Technology4New compound tools, using small (microlithic technology) cutting edges• Blades (flakes with length=2xWidth) are the best standardized blanks for segmenting into compound tools• Diversification and economization of tasks one can accomplish with a cutting edge.12/13/20 173Who invented all of these technological innovations in Africa during the Middle Stone Age?5666Herto, Ethiopia. Anatomically Modern Human at 195-160 kya12/13/20 1747What is an anatomically modern human?• Small, gracile face• Protruding chin• Small teeth• Rounded, globular skull• High forehead• High pentagonal shape when viewed from behind• Gracile postcranium; long, more slender limbs788Neanderthals win the First Near Eastern Stand-off Moderns in theNear East: 115-90 kaNeanderthals in theNear East: 90-50 kaBOTH use Middle Paleolithic material culture!Bar-Yosef & Vandermeersch:Behavioral Modernity appeared separately (and later) than Anatomical Modernity12/13/20 17599It is partly thecultural evolutionof Late Pleistocene Homo sapiens that will tell us why we inherited the Earth while all of the other Homo species went extinct.101010Earliest post-crania of Modern Humans in Europe are clearly tropical in proportions:Upper Paleolithic population of Central Europe (DolníVĕstonice triple burial), 30-28 ka12/13/20 176111111Lagar Velho, Portugal, at 25 kyaSkeletal evidence for Neanderthal-Modern mixture?• Lower limb proportions (Tibia/Femur = crural index) cold adapted.• Mandibular angle Neanderthal-like.Erik Trinkaus121212/13/20 17713What of genetics?13141414Nuclear vs. Mitochondrial DNA• Codon: 3 base pairs coding for an amino acid• Exon: sequence of codons that makes a protein (i.e., exon= gene)• Intron: sequence of base pairs not coding for amino acids• mtDNA does not code, mutations will not be removed, and therefore is a clock if you know the mutation rate.Nuclear DNA (from both parents)Mitochondrial DNA (only from mother)Mostly Coding Mostly Non-codingMostly adaptation & a little historyMostly lineage history12/13/20 178151515Non-coding sequences of mtDNA variability in living peoples.Early work: variability pools on a few loci only.The Origin and Spread of Modern Humans: using mtDNA tree & geographic locations1612/13/20 179A Fact of Genetic Reduction for:• mtDNA ‘Eve’• Non-recombining part of Y chromosome• Any segment of DNA small enough to avoid recombination during meiosis171717The Most Recent Common Ancestor (TMRCA) = CoalescentmtDNA sequences obtained from Neanderthals, growing everyday• Feldhofer Cave (Germany)• Mezmaiskaya Cave (Russia)• Vindija Cave 75, 77, 80 (Croatia)• Engis 2 (Belgium)• Scladina (Belgium)• La Chapelle (France)• Rochers de Villeneuve (France)• Monte Lessini (Italy)• El Sidrón (Spain)• Denisova (Russian Siberia)1812/13/20 171019Neanderthals as a separate evolutionary cladeGenetics&Cranial morphology19Ancient DNA & Svante PääboBut consider:• Although the number of sequence differences between Neanderthals and living humans is greater than that found among living humans today, it is still within the range seen between chimpanzee subspecies.• Thus Neanderthals could be a subspecies, rather than a species.2012/13/20 1711211-4% Genetic contribution of Neanderthals into living Eurasians22Homo sapiens neanderthalensisor Homo neanderthalensis?12/13/20 1712Steps in our Unilineal Evolution vs.Mosaic Evolution?23Steps in our Mosaic Evolution I• Late Miocene through Pliocene (7 to 2.5 mya): – the mosaic evolution of the anatomical adaptations for being the best bipedal ape.• Ex: While all hominin taxa had the valgus knee and sagittally-oriented iliac blades, there was a mosaic of bipedal traits in the feet (compare A. afarensis with A. sediba).• Ex: Upper body shows continuity of arboreal adaptations.• Ex: Appearance of earliest stone tools by 2.6 mya2412/13/20 1713Steps in our Mosaic Evolution II• First Quarter of the Pleistocene (2.5 – 1.85 mya): – the mosaic evolution of the best dietary adaptations for being a biped who gets its food from the ground using the beginnings of logistical mobility.• Ex: Increasing diversity in δ13C dietary ratios, showing a gradual move from a C3to mixed C3/C4plant diet.• Ex: Appearance of the Australopith Paranthropus genus with robust dentition (the hard food & C4 adaptation)• Ex: Appearance of the Early Homo taxa (H. habilis & H. rudolfensis) out of the gracile Australopiths• Ex: Appearance of the Oldowan as a new way to extract fat & protein from the emerging grasslands.• Ex: At the very end of this period (2.0 mya), we see the appearance of H. erectus in Africa25Steps in our Mosaic Evolution III• Second Quarter of the Pleistocene (1.85-0.80 mya): – the mosaic evolution of the best post-cranial anatomical adaptations for being an omnivorous biped with a major emphasis on meat.• Ex: H. erectus as a committed terrestrial biped with deep pelvis and modern upper vs. lower limb proportions. • Ex: This opens up new scavenging/hunting opportunities (endurance running?), more sharing opportunities, & less restriction to specific habitats (the first Out of Africa event).• Ex: Expensive Tissue Hypothesis for affording greater brain size through higher quality foods (more carnivory & possibly cooking plant foods by 1 mya).• Ex: First evidence for longer lived primates (Dmanisi’s “wisdom of the aged” at 1.79 mya).• Extinction of Paranthropus ~1.3 mya.2612/13/20 1714Steps in our Mosaic Evolution IV• Third Quarter of the Pleistocene (800-200 kya): – the mosaic evolution of behavioral adaptations for being an omnivorous biped with a major emphasis on meat • Ex: More efficient material culture for logistical mobility (the Acheulean adds bifaces, begins at 1.76 mya, and expands to mid-latitudes during warm stages


View Full Document

U of M ANTH 1001 - Lecture 25 12-12-17 Homo sapiens

Documents in this Course
Midterm 2

Midterm 2

11 pages

PLA 12

PLA 12

2 pages

PLA 11

PLA 11

2 pages

PLA 10

PLA 10

2 pages

PLA 08

PLA 08

2 pages

PLA 07

PLA 07

2 pages

PLA 05

PLA 05

2 pages

PLA 01

PLA 01

2 pages

Load more
Download Lecture 25 12-12-17 Homo sapiens
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Lecture 25 12-12-17 Homo sapiens and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Lecture 25 12-12-17 Homo sapiens 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?