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U of M ANTH 1001 - Lecture 14 10-31-17 Primate Mating Systems 2 (17 pages)

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Lecture 14 10-31-17 Primate Mating Systems 2



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Lecture 14 10-31-17 Primate Mating Systems 2

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Pages:
17
School:
University of Minnesota- Twin Cities
Course:
Anth 1001 - Human Evolution
Human Evolution Documents
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11 1 2017 1 Primate Mating Systems Life History 2 1 11 1 2017 Topics Examples of mating systems among particular primates Tamarin Savannah Baboon Hamadryas Baboon Gibbon Orangutan Gorilla Chimpanzee Bonobo Primate life histories precocial vs altricial babies Explanations for the relatively large brains of the primates Why study this No time machines 3 Marmosets Tamarins OneFemale Multi Male Polyandry Ecological Ecological Forces 1 Gum eaters patchy food distribution 2 Obligate twins require more parental care No RS without paternal investment Consequences 1 Small body size Party size of only 4 6 restricts group size Territorial defense of gum trees 2 Polyandry No malemale competition selecting for dimorphism kinselection Sibling nannies fathers related usually brothers 4 2 11 1 2017 Olive Baboons most OW Monkeys Polygynandry Multi male Multi female Ecological Consequences Ecological Forces 1 Even food distribution 2 Easy terrestrial and top of limb arboreal locomotion 1 Male resource defense impossible Party size is large female bonded Males disperse from natal group 2 Moderate sexual dimorphism with male hierarchy w alpha male Malefemale friendships 5 Hamadryas Baboons Polygyny Single male Multi female Ecological Forces 1 Patchy terrestrial food distribution 2 Easy terrestrial and top of limb arboreal locomotion Ecological Consequences 1 Female defense possible Party size is limited by patch size 2 High sexual dimorphism due to male male competition for the harem 6 3 11 1 2017 Gibbons Siamangs Monogamy Ecological Consequences Ecological Forces 1 Patchy seasonal canopy food distribution 2 High cost of locomotion by brachiation 1 Party size of only 2 4 restricts group to breeding pair plus offspring 2 Low male male competition results in no dimorphism monomorphic 7 Remember there s monogamy and then there s monogamy Anatomical adaptations for vs Seeking extra parental investment or worthier genes Monogamous pairs defending their territory with verbal calls while the male frequently grooms the female 8 4 11 1 2017 Orangutan Solitary Polygyny One male multi female Ecological Ecological Consequences Forces 1 Patchy seasonal food distribution 2 Slow but expensive quadrumanous climbing 3 No serious predators 1 Party size of only 2 4 restricts group size to mother offspring 2 Extreme malemale competition selecting for high sexual dimorphism 9 Body Weight Index of Dimorphism male female 175 lbs 86 lbs 2 02 Quad vs Suspense Brain Comparison 10 5 11 1 2017 Orangutans Solitary One male Multi female Two male strategies 1 Very dimorphic male 2 Small but mature male using forced copulations 11 Ecological Forces Gorillas Polygyny One male Multi female 1 Even food distribution mostly Terrestrial Herbaceous Vegetation pith shoots 2 Easy terrestrial knuckle walking some quadrumanous arboreal locomotion 3 No serious predators Ecological Consequences 1 Resource defense impossible 2 Extreme malemale competition selecting for high sexual dimorphism But given the food why does gorilla society look like a harem 12 6 11 1 2017 Can Males Change Female Reproductive Strategies YES IF 1 Food distribution is patchy 2 Physical ability to defend females given locomotory needs limits on sexual dimorphism MODIFIED BY Requirements of Parental Investment infanticide Predictability of Female Cycling Degree of Actual Monopolization Mating System 13 Gorillas Polygyny One male MultiEcological Ecological female Consequences Forces 1 Even food distribution of fruit but mostly Terrestrial Herbaceous Vegetation pith shoots 2 Easy terrestrial knuckle walking some quadrumanous arboreal locomotion 3 No serious predators 1 Resource defense impossible 2 Extreme male male competition selecting for high sexual dimorphism 3 Female defense possible due to Logic of the Hired Gun Females sometimes males disperse from natal group 14 7 11 1 2017 Chimpanzee Polygynandry Multi male Ecological Multi female Ecological Consequences Forces 1 Foraging in small parties of 4 6 but congregation at other times Fission Fusion 2 Moderate malemale competition moderate sexual dimorphism Male coalitions kin selection rule the group Females 15 disperse 1 Patchy seasonal food distribution of leaves fruit insects in patchy forests 2 Easy terrestrial knuckle walking some quadrumanous arboreal locomotion Chimpanzee Polygynandry Multi male Ecological Multi female Ecological Consequences Forces 1 Patchy seasonal food distribution of leaves fruit insects in patchy forests 2 Easy terrestrial knuckle walking some quadrumanuous arboreal locomotion Inter group warfare by male coalitions 1 Foraging in small parties of 4 6 but congregation at other times Fission Fusion 2 Moderate malemale competition moderate sexual dimorphism Male coalitions kin selection rule the group Females 16 disperse 8 11 1 2017 Limited distribution of Pan paniscus Chimpanzee Biogeography 17 Bonobo Polygynandry Multi male Ecological Ecological Multi female Consequences Forces 1 Patchy seasonal food distribution of leaves fruit insects in more continuous forests 2 Easy terrestrial knuckle walking some quadrumanous arboreal locomotion 1 Foraging in larger more stable parties but still Fission Fusion 2 Moderate sexual dimorphism Malebonded Females disperse 3 BUT female coalitions are equally important as the male coalitions 4 Only one killing 18 suspected 9 11 1 2017 Can Males Change Female Reproductive Strategies YES IF 1 Food distribution is patchy 2 Physical ability to defend females given locomotory needs limits on sexual dimorphism MODIFIED BY Requirements of Parental Investment infanticide Predictability of Female Cycling Degree of Actual Monopolization Mating System 19 Estrus reproductive cycling Sexual swelling while in estrus Chimps 10 of 37 days 25 of cycle No swelling in chimp out of estrus Captive Bonobos 23 of 49 days 49 of cycle Wild Bonobos 13 of 33 days 39 of cycle 20 10 11 1 2017 A life to make a porn star blush Sex as communication alliance formation tension reduction aggression reduction reconciliation 21 Bonobos Polygynandry Multimale Multi female Slightly concealed ovulation via longer signaling of estrus Females who are actually fertile not just looking so cannot be guarded as well by alpha male Greater paternal uncertainty 22 11 11 1 2017 Sexual Dimorphic Traits evidence Social Organization one of our keys into human evolution Canine Body Dimorphism Mating System 23 23 Primate Life History Precocial Altricial In contrast to other primates humans take a long time to grow

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