ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty Fall 2023 Plate tectonics and Continental Drift 1 2 ANTH 1001 HUMAN EVOLUTION CENOZOIC CLIMATE CHANGE PRIMATE EVOLUTION Kieran P McNulty Department of Anthropology University of Minnesota University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 1 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty Fall 2023 Causes and character of Cenozoic climate change Highlights from primate evolution 4 0 Ba end of heavy bombardment first life 3 5 Ba photosynthesis 2 3 Ba atmosphere becomes oxygen rich first snowball earth 2 6 Ma genus Homo 2 6 Ma Genus Homo 230 65 Ma dinosaurs ca 380 Ma first terrestrial vertebrates ca 530 Ma Cambrian explosion 750 635 Ma two snowball earths 3 4 University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 2 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty Fall 2023 Deep time https w allpapercave com 5 5 6 Cenozoic Climate Change Which geographical features have the largest impact on climate University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 3 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty Fall 2023 Cenozoic Epochs recent animal Anthropocene Holocene 0 01 present Pleistocene 2 6 0 01 Ma Pliocene 5 3 2 6 Ma Miocene 23 0 5 3 Ma Oligocene 33 9 23 0 Ma Eocene 55 8 33 9 Ma Paleocene 65 0 55 8 Ma 7 Early in the Cenozoic most of the earth was warm and humid 7 8 University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 4 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty Fall 2023 9 10 Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum Early Eocene temperature spike 5 8 C due to massive injections of carbon into the atmosphere Warmest period in Cenozoic Causes unknown Volcanism was one mechanism but release of other carbon reservoirs permafrost methane hydrates also required Kender et Al 2021 Nat Comm 10 University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 5 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty Fall 2023 11 Effects Polar water no longer mixes with equatorial water Build up of ice caps at the poles Water levels go down more land is exposed Temperatures drop throughout much of the globe 11 12 University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 6 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty Fall 2023 Effects Reduced and then eliminated contribution of warmer Indian Ocean water to N Atlantic Dramatic climate shifts in circum Mediterranean regions Faunal interchange between Africa and Eurasia 13 14 University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 7 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty Fall 2023 20 5 Ma lowering of Icelandic ridge uplift of Central America uplift of eastern African highlands 15 16 Effects Isolates warmer Pacific Ocean from colder Atlantic Ocean Influx of colder water from Artic Ocean into Atlantic Ocean Isolates most of Africa from warmer and humid Indian Ocean air More dramatic temperature clines lead to more polar ice and lower ocean levels Earth becomes cooler and drier Image purchased https eastofnowhere co 16 University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 8 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty Fall 2023 Milankovitch Cycles pushing the envelope 100Ky cycle 41Ky cycle 26Ky cycle Milankovitch Cycles pushing the envelope 17 18 100Ky cycle https micromelon com au resources gyroscope 41Ky cycle 26Ky cycle University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 9 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty Fall 2023 Milankovitch Cycles pushing the envelope 19 20 Glaciation Modern system of glacials and interglacials begins roughly 2 4 Ma Many species go extinct maybe significant in human evolution Temperate organisms invade Africa Adaptations towards abrasive drier climate diets elephants antelope pigs humans University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 10 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty Fall 2023 What is a primate 21 22 Evolutionary trends in modern primates Senses Brain More reliant on vision than olfaction short face reduction or loss of vibrissae Orbital convergence stereoscopic vision Postorbital bar Expansion and increased complexity of brain New World monkey lemur dog 21 22 University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 11 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty Fall 2023 Brains around the kingdom Neural Sensory stereoscopic vision 23 24 3D vision 23 24 University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 12 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty Fall 2023 Other trends postorbital bar plate modern primates have at least a postorbital bar anthropoids have a postorbital plate Postcranium tendency toward upright posture 25 26 25 26 University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 13 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty Fall 2023 Evolutionary trends in modern primates Hands Feet Adapted for grasping Divergent opposable thumb and big toe Five digits Highly sensitive digits Nails instead of claws 27 Other trends nails replace claws strepsirhine 27 28 callitrichine 28 University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 14 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty Fall 2023 Other adaptations and trends life history Evolutionary trends in modern primates Reproductive traits and features One pair of nipples always pectoral Pendulous penis and scrotal testes Long gestation period Small litter size 29 30 29 30 University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 15 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty Fall 2023 Primates among mammals Lagomorphs Rodents Primates Tree shrews Flying lemurs Glires Euarchonta 31 31 32 multituberculate Plesiadapiform primates rodent 32 University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 16 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty Fall 2023 Plesiadapiform fossil record Silcox et al 2017 33 Early euprimates 33 34 Darwinius masillae 34 University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 17 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty Fall 2023 Anthropoids monkeys and apes lemurs lorises tarsiers platyrrhines cercopithecoids hominoids stem anthropoids plesiadapiformes What is an anthropoid https commons wikimedia org wiki File Platyrrhini jpg 35 36 35 36 University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 18 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty Fall 2023 Fayum Egypt Rich fossil locality spanning 3 million years on the Eocene Oligocene boundary First undisputed ancestors to platyrrhines New World monkeys and catarrhines Old World monkeys apes humans More than 20 primate genera preserved here Locates the origin of all monkeys and apes in Africa Proteopithecus Aegyptopithecus Catopithecus 37 38 Platyrrhine dispersal 37 38 University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 19 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty Fall 2023 Rafting Hypothesis Maybe not so crazy Part I In 1995 Hurricane Luis blew 15 green iguanas off Guadaloupe These terrestrial iguanas requiring fresh water floated in the Caribbean for a month
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