ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty 10 12 2023 ANTH 1001 HUMAN EVOLUTION MIOCENE FOUNDATIONS OF HUMAN ORIGINS Kieran P McNulty Department of Anthropology University of Minnesota 1 2 NEW WORLD MONKEYS OLD WORLD MONKEYS APES STREPSIRRHINES Marmosets Tamarins Capuchins Squirrel monkeys Owl monkeys Uakaris sakis Howlers Spider woolly monkeys Macaques Mangabeys Mandrills Baboons Vervets guenons Colobines Langurs leaf monkeys Gibbons Orangutans Chimpanzees Bonobo Human Gorillas Tarsiers Lemurs Ruffed lemurs Aye aye Indris sifakas Mouse dwarf lemurs Bushbabies Lorises University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 1 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty 10 12 2023 Recolored from photoposted to Flickr by ben pollard at https www flickr com photos 13023474 N06 2342924889 large brain mobile joints upright posture no tail short trunk Photo Raimond Spekking CC BY SA 4 0 via Wikimedia Commons 3 4 long arms vs legs Highly intelligent Long life history Suspensory locomotion Generalized diet University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 2 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty 10 12 2023 DISCOVERING THE EARLIEST FOSSIL APES Chimpanzees Bonobos Humans Gorillas Orangutans Gibbons Siamangs Early Miocene 23 16 Ma Paleontologist 5 6 Gorillas Chimpanzees Orangutans Hylobatids Modified from https decolonialatlas wordpress com 2019 06 04 distribution of the great apes including us University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 3 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty 10 12 2023 Oligocene Miocene transition 25 15 Ma Africa joins with Eurasia Impacts regional temperatures Exchange of flora and fauna Global temperatures spike during an otherwise cooling trend Major shift in mammalian evolution from Paleogene to more modern fauna Origin of Old World Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea 7 8 21 15 million year old fossil sites Rukwapithecus Nsungwepithecus 25 Ma Stevens et al 2013 University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 4 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty 10 12 2023 EARLY MIOCENE IN EASTERN AFRICA Buluk Moroto Kalodirr Mourorot Napak Bukwa Songhor Koru Rusinga Mfangano Karungu https geology com articles east africa rift shtml IN THE LONG HISTORY OF HUMANKIND AND ANIMAL KIND TOO THOSE WHO LEARNED TO COLLABORATE AND IMPROVISE MOST EFFECTIVELY HAVE PREVAILED C DARWIN 9 10 University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 5 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty 10 12 2023 Early Miocene fossils in the Nyanza Rift 23 17 Ma Rusinga Half a million fossils FOSSIL PRESERVATION ON RUSINGA ISLAND 11 12 University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 6 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty 10 12 2023 Working on Rusinga Island 13 14 Geochronology How old are the fossil deposits s c i t a m e t s y S Paleoecology What types of habitats did early apes prefer What was Rusinga s climate like What did the apes eat What ate the apes University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 7 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty 10 12 2023 leaf ape phytolith grasshopper carnivore hyaenodont bat bees nest FOSSIL APES FROM RUSINGA hare 15 16 University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 8 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty 10 12 2023 17 18 ca 15 000 new fossils discovered since 2006 1 partial skeletons per field season Notable advances in fossil leaf collection Several new vertebrate taxa published and quite a few more on the way Significant new evidence of primate taxonomic diversity New fossil tree trunk Kenyalagomys Afrohyrax Dorcatherium University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 9 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty 10 12 2023 19 20 Multi proxy paleoecological reconstructions for all major localities in the Hiwegi Fm Previous interpretations of mixed habitats actually environmental fluctuation Rusinga s apes Ekembo and Dendropithecus are associated with both open and closed habitats Simplistic narratives about their adaptive evolution are not consistent with fossil evidence 17 8 Ma 18 1 Ma 18 3 Ma University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 10 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty 10 12 2023 Basic Hominoid Phylogeny o b m e k E Morotopithecus McNulty 2010 Ekembo 20 17 Ma ape from Rusinga Text references Proconsul and proconsulids Not as ape like as Morotopithecus in locomotor behavior Many other features are more ape like Encephalized Slower life history than monkeys Increased range of motion strength in forearms No tail 21 22 University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 11 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty 10 12 2023 21 Ma from Uganda First evidence of climbing adaptations suggests that this species is a true ape One leading hypothesis is that apes evolved in closed forest environments where a more generalized arboreal repertoire allowed them to access fruit resources on terminal branches We can test this in the fossil record Morotopithecus 23 24 University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 12 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty 10 12 2023 MacLatchy et al 2019 J Hum Evol Fruits Morotopithecus Leaves Morotopithecus 25 26 University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 13 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty 10 12 2023 The composite picture of Early Miocene of Moroto suggests that the most modern looking early ape Morotopithecus was inhabiting a grassy woodland and adapted to eating leaves rather than fruit Basic Hominoid Phylogeny 27 28 o b m e k E McNulty 2010 University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 14 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty 10 12 2023 Migration to Eurasia First evidence of apes in Europe 16 Ma Graecopithecus Gigantopithecus Dryopithecus Hispanopithecus Pierolapithecus Oreopithecus Anoiapithecus Ouranopithecus Danuvius Rudapithecus Griphopithecus Ankarapithecus Khoratpithecus Sivapithecus Lufengpithecus Yuanmoupithecus Heliopithecus Kapi Chororapithecus What about Africa Nakalipithecus 29 30 University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 15 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty 10 12 2023 https www youtube com watch v qzRzUmrHL7c When Apes Conquered Europe 31 32 What does it mean to be human University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 16 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty 10 12 2023 ChimeIn Which human trait s would we expect to find in our earliest ancestor 33 34 Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Humans canine reduction bipedalism Australopithecus Pan University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 17 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran McNulty 10 12 2023 Canine reduction Gigantopithecus Ouranopithecus Ramapithecus canine reduction 35 36 University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus 18 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Kieran
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