11/29/20 171Course business• Hand in Ape Genius ALA at the end of lecture• Final exam Dec. 19th112Chimpanzee Modern humanAustralopithecus anamensisAustralopithecus afarensisAustralopithecus africanus2Orrorin tugenensisAustralopithecus sediba11/29/20 1723Probable Hominins (various Genera); Gracile Hominins (Australopithecus)Robusts Hominins (Paranthropus)P. robustusP. aethiopicusP. boisei4What distinguishes the gracileAustralopithecus from the robust Paranthropus?11/29/20 173Australopiths(meaning any early hominin before Homo)5Australopithecus(graciles)Paranthropus(robusts)6Genus: Paranthropus• Orthognathic face• Wide dish-shaped face due to flying zygomatic arches• Sagittal crest; anteriorly placed6Paranthropus robustus Australopithecus africanus11/29/20 1747Morphology of Paranthropus• Huge molars• Big, molariform premolars• Tiny incisors and canines• Thick enamel• Fortified mandible78To what function do all of these features relate?8P. robustusHomo sapiensMASTICATION11/29/20 1759Heavy grinding and chewing- Sagittal crest- Orthognathic face- wide face9Temporalis MuscleMasseter Muscle10Grinding tough, gritty foods—not ripping, tearing, gripping with front teeth1011/29/20 17611Remember: the gracile and the robust Australopithshave the same body size!Paranthropus’ masticatory system is the only robust thing about it11P. robustus A. africanusTwo species of Paranthropusare very similar to each otherP. robustus (S. Africa) P. boisei (E. Africa)1211/29/20 17713Paranthropus robustus• Swartkrans, Kromdraai, South Africa• 2.0—1.5 Ma• 530 c.c.14Paranthropus boisei• East Turkana, Kenya; Olduvai, Tanzania; Konso, Ethiopia• 2.2—1.3 Ma• 500—550 c.c.• More robust than P. robustus11/29/20 17815Basic distribution of early hominins• East Africa– A. afarensis– P. boisei• South Africa– A. africanus– P. robustus15OlduvaiLaetoliHadar16How is the genus Paranthropusrelated to the earlier hominins?• Difficult to say since they are so derived11/29/20 17917Australopithecus anamensisAustralopithecus afarensisAustralopithecus africanusIs “Paranthropus” one or multiple lineages?Paranthropus boisei Paranthropus robustus1718A. anamensisA. afarensisA. africanusClosely relatedParanthropusParanthropus boisei Paranthropus robustustough grindingadaptation1811/29/20 171019A. anamensisA. afarensisA. africanusPolyphyleticParanthropus boisei Paranthropus robustustough grindingadaptation1920Majority of evidence ParanthropusA. anamensisA. afarensisA. africanusParanthropus boisei Paranthropus robustustough grindingadaptation11/29/20 171121The Black Skull: Paranthropus aethiopicus• Lake Turkana, Kenya; Laetoli, Tanzania• 2.6—2.3 Ma22• 410 c.c.• Marked prognathism• Compount sagittal-nuchal crest, like A. afarensis• Sagittal crest anterior andposterior• Large anterior and posterior dentition• Molariform premolars• Wide, dish-shaped faceA. afarensis P. aethiopicus P. boiseiP. aethiopicus11/29/20 171223?Ardipithecus ramidus?Chimpanzee Modern humanAustralopithecus anamensisAustralopithecus afarensisAustralopithecus africanusParanthropus boisei Paranthropus robustusParanthropus aethiopicus23Next on “All My Ancestors” . . .24Australopithecus garhi: southern ape surprise• Bouri, Ethiopia• 2.5 Ma• Morphology:– 450 c.c.– canines and premolars similar to Homo– huge molars– ape-like arms and legs?– sagittal crest• Stone tools…2411/29/20 171325Chimpanzee Modern humanAustralopithecus anamensisAustralopithecus afarensisAustralopithecus africanusAustralopithecus garhi25One interpretationOrrorin tugenensis26Does A. garhi look more like A. afarensis or P. aethiopicus? Kieran McNulty’s view…26A. afarensisA. garhiP. aethiopicus11/29/20 171427272811/29/20 171529Orrorin tugenensisModern humanAustralopithecus anamensisAustralopithecus afarensisAustralopithecus africanusParanthropus boisei Paranthropus robustusParanthropus aethiopicusA. garhiOur current view of early human evolutionA. sediba30Paranthropus DietWhat the *bleep* did these guys eat?P. robustus11/29/20 171631Paranthropus to Australopithecusis NOT as a gorilla is to a chimp32Paranthropus vs. Australopithecusdental wear: pits vs. scratches• Hard seed eating monkeys are the best match for Paranthropus.• Chimps for Australopithecus11/29/20 171733Dietary Carbon Isotopes preserve in tooth enamelcaused by different photosynthetic pathways• C3 Photosynthesis (leafs) = three carbon atoms in pathway• Used in trees & bushes.• C3diet = browsers• C4Photosynthesis (grass) = four carbon atoms in pathway.• Used in grasses.• C4diet = grazers34Delta 13-C Ratio Standard = Peedee belemnite (PDB) of South Carolina12Carbon13Carbon11/29/20 171835Fractionation of Stable Carbon Isotopes in C3& C4plants by Trophic LevelRelative decrease in 13C Relative increase in 13CPliocene-Pleistocene Stable Carbon Isotopic Data36Sponheimer et al. 2013 PNASδ13C/12C ratio measurements of individual living examples of grazers (zebras) vs. browsers (giraffes & chimps), with best fit lines.11/29/20 1719Pliocene-Pleistocene Stable Carbon Isotopic Data37Sponheimer et al. 2013 PNASδ13C/12C ratio measurements of individual fossilsAustralopiths during Pliocene-Pleistocene move from C3eaters to a mix of C3& C4foods38Sponheimer et al. 2013 PNAS11/29/20 1720East African Paranthropus (P. aethiopicus & P. boisei) become fully C4eaters39Sponheimer et al. 2013 PNASThe Paranthropus boisei trend is matched by a monkey genus that also went extinct, save for the Gelada40Sponheimer et al. 2013 PNASGelada monkeyOlive baboon11/29/20 1721Pliocene-Pleistocene Stable Carbon Isotopic Data41Sponheimer et al. 2013 PNASPliocene-Pleistocene Stable Carbon Isotopic Data42Sponheimer et al. 2013 PNAS11/29/20 1722Southern African Stable Carbon Isotopic Data43Sponheimer et al. 2013 PNASEastern AfricanP. aethiopicus & boiseiSouthern African Australopithecus africanusand Paranthropus robustus• Ate about 30% from C4sources.• C4could be from grass, grass seeds, or they ate animals that ate C4grasses.• BUT teeth morphology & wear is not that of a grazer or a carnivore!44If not meat, why not insects? (especially given data on Pan diets)11/29/20 172345Chimp Tool Use as Analogy for early hominin foraging & processing• C3nut processing• Ants & termites as high quality food.4611/29/20 172447Swartkrans Digging Sticks: experimental archaeologyConsistent orientation & narrow striation widths match those on fossilRandom
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