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U of M ANTH 1001 - Final study guide

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• Human evolution• Geological Epochs:• 65-54 myaFirst primates • Eocene First strepsirrhines • Oligocene Anthropoid radiation Hominoid radiation Hominin radiation • Miocene• Pliocene• Pleistocene• Holocene 54-34 mya34-23 mya23-5.0 mya 5.0-2.5 mya 2.5-0.1 mya 0.1 mya-present• The . child skull radically changed then prevalent notions about human evolution in combining a centrally situated foramen magnum under the cranium and dentition of ‘modern’ aspect with a small cranial capacity. The discovery was contested because of (1) . (2) . (3) uncertainty surrounding the adult morphology of A. .. Subsequent discoveries confirmed the place of A. africanus in the human family tree. The . demonstrated that hominins acquired a bipedal gait before ..• Bipedalism:• Cranium• F M . centrally situated under the cranium• Postcranium: • Vertebral column with a . and large lumbar vertebrae• Pelvis with . & . ilium, bowl-shape, and stronger abductor muscles• Hindlimb with a valgus knee, enlarged femoral condyles, a more robust ankle, big toe aligned with other toes, and two arches along the bottom of the foot• Hypotheses concerning the evolution of bipedalism:• Unlikely:• allow hunting of grassland game.• Improved vigilance against predators and other threats• Terrestrial feeding• More impressive displays• Provisioning by males for the females• Likely:• ___________________________________________• Increased emphasis on USO’s for consumption• . sun exposure• However: likely no single cause for the appearance of bipedalism• Early hominin adaptations:• Cranium:• ________ ________ of C/P3 honing complex• Increase in size of _____________ dentition• Reorientation of the dental arcade from ____shaped to parabolic• ___________ in the degree of subnasal prognathism• Increase in enamel _________• Probable hominins:• None is fully accepted as an early hominin owing to inconclusive evidenceabout the presence of definitive bipedal adaptations!• Sahelanthropus _______ mya Chad • Orrorin _______ mya Kenya • Ardipithecus _______ mya Ethiopia • ‘Australopiths'• Gracile vs. robust variant:• Robust variant principally differs from the ‘gracile’ variant in having a more robustly constructed cranium and mandible, anterior dentition very small, and an enlarged posterior dentition with very thick enamel• Gracile: _______________ ___________ ___________, __________ and ______________• Robust:____________ _____________ and___________• Locomotion: _________ positional repertoire with a skeleton that combines aspects of bipedalism with those consistent with arboreal locomotion.• Diet: predominantly ______________, but occasionally supplemented by animal protein.• Australopiths likely used a variety of tools while engaging in extractive food behaviors on a level comparable to that of chimpanzees• Other: fast life history, > 1M/> 1F social organization• Tool use:• Humans engage in more elaborate and complex (1) inter-individual collaborations (i.e. through triadic attention), (2) transmission of knowledge (i.e. through teaching, permitting cultural transmission), (3) tool using behaviors than chimps.• Introduction and use of a diverse toolkit by hominins replaces the need for anatomical adaptations to accommodate certain food extractive behaviors observed in other animals (e.g. flesh-cutting, bone-crushing, digging, weapons, etc.). This has been called “________ _________ evolution”.• Stone tool use:• Humans are not the only animals that make and use stone tools• Human-made tools can be distinguished from rocks that acquired a tool-like appearance through natural causes by a set of diagnostic features• Taphonomy has been crucial for (1) distinguishing between carnivore and stone tool cutmarks and (2) assessing the time of when the early stone tool makers had access to the animal carcass (i.e. ‘early’ vs. ‘late’ access).• The oldest stone tools are part of the “Lomekwian Tradition” (3.3 mya) and is characterized by bipolar core reduction. Subsequent technologies (e.g. Oldowan, Acheulean, Mousterian, etc.) are reclassified in a revised scheme introduced by John Shea that emphasizes stone tool producing behaviors over attributes of the stone tools themselves. The modes are reclassified according to a letter and number combination, with Oldowan being denoted as “Mode C”, the Acheulean as “Mode E1-2”, Levallois as “Mode F”, and the blade technology characteristic of the Upper Paleolithic as “Mode G”.• It cannot be determined with certainty which hominin made the oldest stone tools, but it may have been an australopith.• Earliest archaeological sites are found in __________, but interpretations concerning the association between the stone tools and broken bones havechanged through time, ranging from human agency, carnivore action, or as the product of geological processes. • Current evidence favors the interpretation that the earliest stone tool makerswere active scavengers that occasionally hunted.• Homo differs from australopiths in having a:• Bigger brain• Smaller teeth• More parabolic dental arcade• More rounded skulls• Less prognathic face• Early Homo:• Taxonomic diversity:• Homo ____________ (KNM-ER 1813)• Homo ____________ (KNM-ER 1470)• Locomotion and life history more comparable with australopiths than with Homo erectus.• Homo erectus• Out of Africa:• What facilitated the hominin dispersal out of Africa and into Eurasia?• Rejected: acquisition of biface technology, following other animals out of Africa, change in male-female relationships & increase in brain and/or body size• Supported: increased kin selection opportunities because of the presence of older individuals (i.e. “Wisdom of the Aged”) and increased meat consumption.• The fossil evidence of H. erectus suggests a rapid geographic dispersal out of Africa and into Asia shortly after its first appearance in the fossil record.• Temporal trends in


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U of M ANTH 1001 - Final study guide

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