1 Linguistic 2 Social 3 Bio 4 Archeological Paleoanthropology WHAT MAKES HUMANS HUMAN Ucaria have a nucleus Humans animals mammals primates apes Homo genus BIPEDALISM COMPLEX LANGUAGE 7000 spoken language 300 sign language Social learning transmission Grammar and syntax rules Infinite vocabulary REDUCES DIMORPHISM Humans are habitual and obligate bipeds 2 feet locomotion Facultative bipedalism bipeds for a a particular purpose ex monkeys chimps Our ancestors hominin habitual bipedalism Humans are the only species who are obligate bipeds Dimorphism differences in traits between distinct forms of members of the same species Humans reduces sexual dimorphism SMALL TEETH 32 teeth Teeny tiny canines Canine size varies over species and be sexually dimorphic BIG BRAIN Primates in general have large brains Humans have the largest brains among primates Brains grow slowly More intricate GROW SLOWLY Slow pace of growth and development Longer to become independent Human Brain consumes more energy to absorb more info and get big brains FULLY OPPOSABLE THUMBES Precise grip and strength Longer thumbs Handle tools INTERACTING WITH OBJECTS Material culture using and engine with physical objects Sometimes in culture specific ways HUMANS ARE SWEATY Very fine body hair More sweat glands maintain homeostasis and cool off easily Humans are globally distributed Lived and adapted to different env Diverse phenotypes observable physical traits depend on gene env Humans show a lot of variety Behavioral and cultural diversity all human societies make music EVOLUTION CHANGE IN HERITABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOLOGICAL POPULATION OVER SUCCESSIVE GENERATION TRAITS VARY BUT ONLY POPULATION EVOLVES OCCURS AT THE POPULATION LEVEL NO PREDETERMINED DIRECTION DEPENDS OF ENVIRONMENT CONTEXT NOT ALWAYS PROGRESSIVE NOT LINEAR HUMANS ARE NOT THE PINNACLE OF EVOLUTION HUMANS EVOLUTION IS BIOCULTURAL BIO INFLUENCES CULTURE AND VICE VERSA EXAMPLE LACTOSE INTOLERANCE BRIEF HISTORY NASIR AL DIN AL TUSI THOMAS MALTAS JOHN BAPTISTE LAMERACK PASS TRAITS TO OFFSPRING BELIEVED ACQUIRED TRAITS CAN BE PASSED ON TOO ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE CHARLES DARWIN FITNESS IF THE GENE HAS BEEN PASSED ON NATURAL SELECTION IS A WAY OF OF EVOLUTION Natural selection differential reproductive success based on variation in heritable traits Beneficial features are passed on to offsprings in greater proportion and become more frequent in population Descent with modification 3 conditions for natural selection Variation in trait Differential reproductive success Inheritance in trait Natural selection is not goal oriented rather species just adapt depending on their env ADAPTATION a change that allows an organism to survive in a particular env Wallace and darwin didn t know the exact mechanisms of inheritance Eukaryotes have a nucleus us nuclear DNA passed on from both parents Mitochondrial DNA inherited only from mother GENETIC ORGANISATION 23 pairs of chromosomes Homologous carry info from same traits Diploid 2 of same traits full complement of chromosomes found in somatic cells Haploid half set of chromosomes found in gametes Somatic cells bodily tissues Gametes reproductive cells Mitosis cell division duplication for somatic cells 2 identical daughter cells Meiosis cell division for gametes 4 daughter cells Dna is composed of 2 chains of nucleotides phosphate sugar base adenine A thymine T cytosine C guanine G stronger y chromosome is a lot smaller than x chromosome 2 functions of dna 1 REPLICATION Double strand unzips between bases Complementary nucleotides attach to free bases Original strands separate Each component strand having a new complementary strand Enzymes then proofread the new strands Error rate of 1 mistake per billion base pairs Humans 3 billion base pairs MITOSIS duplication division for growth and repair cell division for somatic cells results in two identical daughter cells diploid condition is retained full complement of chromosomes MEIOSIS gamete production sex cells require only half the number of chromosomes results in four daughter cells For males all continue to become sperm For females one of the four continues to becomes an ovum gametes are haploid only one chromosome from each parent is passed on to the offspring Variation dna replication Occurs when homologous chromosomes crossover and exchange genetic info through meiosis Generates new combinations of genetic variation to pass on to the next gen Mutations are errors in replication Most are neutral Mutations can be passed onto offspring if it occurs in gametes during meiosis ALLELES different forms or versions of single genes Ex BLACK hair RED hair Recombination new combinations of alleles POLYMORPHIC a genetic site where more than one allele can occur 2 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 2 steps transcription synthesis of messenger RNA from a DNA template Translation synthesis of an amino acid sequence protein from mRNA template DNA MRNA protein Rna is single stranded Uracil instead of thymine Transcription synthesis of messenger RNA mRNA from a DNA template 1 st DNA molecule denatures 2 nd mRNA molecule is built by adding free floating RNA nucleotides to the DNA strand 3 rd mRNA strand then breaks away and DNA zips back up Happens in cell nucleus Translation synthesis of amino acid sequence protein from mRNA template 1 st mRNA strand is read in units of three bases codons that are matched to tRNA anti codons 2 nd Each anti codon is attached to an amino acid 3 rd mRNA strands are read to create amino acid chains polypeptide which join to form protein Happens in ribosome Genotype internal dna code that influences a trait by coding for protein Phenotype physical traits Influenced both by genotype and Env Humans have around 20000 gene Monogenic traits controlled by a single gene Egs horse s coat Color Polygenic traits controlled by multiple genes Egs eye color diabetes Pleiotropic traits several traits controlled by one gene Egs cat pigmentation and deafness Dominant vs recessive Dom only one copy of allele is needed to be expressed in the phenotype AA SS Rec 2 copies are needed to expressed in phenotype aa ss AA HOMOZYGOTE milk Aa HOMOZYGOTE milk aa HOMOZYGOTE milk Only 2 of our genes code for proteins 98 works on gene regulation Evolution change In the allele frequencies over time 4 mechanism for evolution Mutation any alteration in the genetic material or processes primary concern mutations that affect gametes increase variation within and between Gene flow movement of genetic material from
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