Chapter 1 Notes Review Uniformitarian Principle The natural processes of the past were the same as those in the present This allows us to explain the past by examining the present Three paths leading to the Recognition of Human Evolution Explaining the Variation In Life Forms Aristotle Adopted by the Church Each species is a perfect creation and unchanging essentialism 1700 facts Species stay the same don t go extinct and any variation is just a deviation from the perfect ideal form Taxonomy Carolus Linnaeus Field of naming organizing animals Classified plant species based on their sex parts Created Taxonomy Systema Naturae a hierarchical classification of life Did King Phillip Cry Out For Goodness Sake Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species William Jones Linguistics George Cuvier languages Discovered patterns of descent with modification in different Comparative Functional Anatomy Addressed the increasing number of fossils Jean Bapiste Lamarck Created the first comprehensive scientific theory of Evolution Created new idea of adaptive relationship between environment organism and challenged the belief that species were immutable Thomas Malthus Economics Populations have the capacity to increase exponentially which leads to overpopulation war and famines Natural populations are kept in check by forces which kill off members Charles Darwin HMS Beagle Recognizing the Antiquity of the Planet Archbishop James Ussher Contributed to Natural Selection Estimated the age of Earth from the bible 6000 years old Geology Nicholas Stenio James Hutton Physical structure of Earth that displays history Established principles of stratigraphy Established the principle of uniformitarianism believed the world was infinitely old Georges Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon With cooling and sedimentation experiments he greatly pushed back the origin of the Earth Charles Lyell The leading proponent of Uniformitarianism Used the gradualism of the geological process to disapprove the young Earth hypothesis through the geology of Mt Etna Mary Anning Paleontology Would sell fossils Lord Kelvin William Thompson Cooling body experiments show the Earth to be older Recognizing the Antiquity of Humanity Jacques Boucher de Perthes Proved association of human made artifacts with extinct animals the Industrial Age impacted paleontology 1869 Pivotal Year Darwin published On the Origin of Species Boucher s claims for antiquity were accepted Find fossil of a Neanderthal Artificial Selection VS Natural Selection The main difference between the two is that Natural Selection does not have a long term goal unlike Artificial Selection NS is an invisible Hand Theory vs Hypothesis What is Science Involves testable hypotheses Ongoing process we don t have all the answers Science a specific empirical epistemology that Builds upon previous research Seeks to destroy it s basic tenants Theory Not an unproven fact Theories are not proven or disproven A hypothesis or set of hypotheses that has repeatedly withstood scientific scrutiny with supporting evidence A theory can never be proven true but it is essentially assumed to be correct based on the supporting evidence Anthropology Anthropos Human Beings Logos world speech reasoned discourse Evolution Evolvere to unroll descent with modification Evolutionary Anthropology Focus on Diversity NOT Typology Focus on DESCRIPTION NOT prescription What is not what ought to be Darwin s 5 Theories is built on key intellectual advances Geology Hutton and Lyell Taxonomy Linnaeus Paleontology Anning Boucher de Pethes Historical Linguistics Jones Economics Malthus Global Exploration Darwin Darwin s 5 Theories of Evolution Species Change Over Time evolution as such Evolution is Gradual Small changes over time The Primary Mechanism is Natural Selection Natural Selection Populations will therefore change over time 3 Conditions Variation Differential Reproduction Heritability Evolution Causes Speciation Eventually accumulating changes interfere with reproduction among new descendant populations Allopatric Speciation Something divides the population where they can no longer interbreed with each other Slight differences between split population Sympatric Speciation The evolution of a new species from a surviving ancestral species while both continue to inhabit the same geographic region New Species Same Environment All Organisms are Related by Descent from a Common Ancestry Term Definition Pre Lab 1 Terms The Skeleton The Scientific Method A systematic and consistent way to conduct scientific Hypothesis Prediction investigations Create a hypothesis Make predictions Collect data by experiments or observations Revise original hypothesis Develop a theory A proposed explanation for an observed phenomenon Your Hypothesis Should Look Like This I think that reasonable statement Your hypothesis can be NOT supported If the result confirms the hypothesis then you ve made a measurement If the result is contrary to the hypothesis then you ve made a discovery Logical consequences of what must be the case if the hypothesis is true Your Hypothesis Should Look Like This Assuming that hypothesis is correct if I test by experiment methods then the outcome must be Scientific Theory expected results A broad natural explanation for a wide range of phenomena Theories are concise coherent systematic predictive and broadly applicable often integrating and generalizing many hypotheses Theories are not facts but rather explanations that are well supported by the available evidence Qualitative Quantitative Data Quantitative quantities measurements Qualitative descriptions observations Morphology Shape of an organism s bones Positional Repertoire Researchers can learn about its locomotion dietary habits age sex stature general health and often how it died The different ways an organism can efficiently hold its body while moving or resting Narrow positional repertoire one main mode of Broad positional repertoire several modes of locomotion used efficiently Ex Humans locomotion used efficiently Ex Chimps Comparative Anatomy In order to reconstruct all those aspects in fossil species researchers rely on comparative anatomy which involves comparing the bones of living species to those of fossil species Bones Bone is a living tissue with many functions in the body Protects organs Store minerals and fat Stores marrow Why study bones Bones respond to stimuli Bones change over time Dental Formula Four different types of teeth Incisors
View Full Document
Unlocking...