12/13/2017111Course Business• Final exam:• Tuesday Dec. 19th• 6:30pm to 9:00pm • Blegan Hall 255 (same room as lecture)• 75 questions• ~30% older material• ~70% newer material (since the last midterm)• Study guide posted• Review sessions this week• Grade disputes due by Dec. 19th12/13/201723Homo sapiens sapiensAustralopithecus anamensisAustralopithecus afarensisAustralopithecus africanusParanthropus“A. garhi”Homo habilisHomo rudolfensisHomo erectusHomo heidelbergensis3Homo neanderthalensis44Topics• Neanderthal Anatomy and Behavior– Anatomy– Robusticity & climatic adaptation– Diet– Burial? Care for conspecifics?– Material culture12/13/201735Neanderthals: Gods or Monsters?History of discovery• 1830, Engis cave (Belgium) child• 1848, Forbes’ Quarry (Gibraltar)• 1856, Feldhofer Cave (Neander Tal (valley), Germany)– Herman Schaafhausen interpreted these bones as representing a “race” of primitive, prehistoric people612/13/201747Marcellin Boule’s reconstruction of the La Chapelle remains in 1911 influenced our image of Neanderthals for many decadesMarcellin Boule’s reconstruction812/13/201759Neanderthals are confined from Europe to Central AsiaNeanderthal cranial features1012/13/2017611Neanderthal morphology• Average cranial capacity– Female: 1300 cc– Male: 1600 cc– Above modern human average but not when scaled to body size• Long, low cranial vault• Curved brow ridge111212/13/2017713Neanderthal morphology• Occipital bun• Large, prognathic midface• Cheek bones placed posteriorly relative to face• Large nasal aperture• Retromolar space• Uniquely derived inner ear morphologyNeanderthal13Modern Human14Neanderthal derived dental morphology: taurodont molars12/13/2017815Homo heidelbergensis in Europe on its way to Neanderthals• 600 kya shows H. heidelbergensispopulation in Europe differentiating towards Neanderthal features, particularly the double-arched supraorbital torus and midfacial prognathism.16Neanderthal: “early Homo”-like life history (NOT modern)• This Neanderthal who died at age 8 would have been fully mature 4 years earlier than a modern human• Smith et al 2007, PNAS December 18, 200712/13/2017917Robust postcrania:Note wider pelvic basin in NeanderthalNeanderthal vs. Modern HandLarger apical tufts on Neanderthals: strenuous work.1812/13/201710Note more equal lengths of distal and proximal phalanx in Neanderthal. Creates a stronger grasp on large objects, poorer grasp at the finger tips1920Neanderthal Body Proportions: Arctic(°C)Remember Bergmann’s & Allen’s Rules12/13/20171121Neanderthals as one form of the biological adaptation to the fluctuations of the Ice Age?22Midfacial Prognathism• Arctic adaptation to cold & dry air?• To reduce drag & make breathing more efficient?• Counter-balance to occipital bun during running?• Genetic drift (just a big nose)? • Artifact of wider anterior dentition for tool use?12/13/20171223Midfacial Prognathism• Arctic adaptation to cold & dry air?• To reduce drag & make breathing more efficient?• Counter-balance to occipital bun during running• Genetic drift (just a big nose)• Artifact of wider anterior dentition for tool use?24Neanderthal labial/incisor wear12/13/20171325Analogy of teeth as tools seen in modern humans?26As well as seen in early Homo erectusfrom Dmanisi!12/13/20171427Neanderthal Strength• 30% more muscle than modern of equal height. 15% more mass than modern human.• 3,360-4,480 kcal per day to support winter foraging = Neaderthals• 2,350 kcal per day to support winter foraging = modern humans28Skeletal evidence for a more strenuous life12/13/20171529Berger & Trinkaus 1995Patterns of Trauma among Neanderthals30Berger & Trinkaus 1995Modern Rodeo Riders?!?!?12/13/20171631The evidence “suggests frequent close encounters with large ungulates unkindly disposed to the humans involved” (Berger & Trinkaus 1995) = ambush huntingEarly Anatomically Modern Humans, too!!3232Neanderthals were clearly hunting• Bones present are often the meatiest.• Stone tool cut marks suggest Neanderthals had first access to the meat.• But prey did not require complex technology to acquire. No small, mobile animals that require nets, traps, or true projectile technology. This is very different from current foragers.12/13/20171733Kebara Cave Neanderthal burnt macrobotanicalremainsLev et al. 2005Starch grains found in dental calculus (tartar, hardened plaque) from Neanderthals from Shanidar (Iraq) and Spy (Belgium)• Starch grains include date palms, grass seeds, legumes• Some show evidence of having been cooked34Henry et al. 2010 PNAS12/13/2017183535Emergence of Anatomically Modern HumansEarly Modern, Qafzeh 9Neanderthal,Amud 13692,000 years ago12/13/20171937Color selection is for redder ochre, out of proportion to the geological sources near Qafzeh, Israel38Symbolism of Social Artifacts among Modern Humans fairly abundantNassarius kraussianus shell beads fromBlombos Cave, 70 kya, in South Africa12/13/201720Symbolic behavior among Neanderthals, 200-30 kya, very scanty and fairly lateShell painted with ochre at Cueva Antón, Spain, ~50 kyaThe Tata pebble (Hungary)39Pierced shells at Cueva de los Aviones, Spain , ~50 kya40Reconstruction of a NeanderthalManganese Oxides for Decoration12/13/201721414242The sublime use of symbols by Modern Humans…Chauvet Cave, France38 ka flute in modern human Aurignacian culture, Germany12/13/201722Archaeological evidence for language: symbols(this evidence supports a late emergence of language)In a H. sapiens context: In a Neanderthal context:4344How do you see Symbolic Behavior in Archaeology?• Absence of evidence is not necessarily evidence of absence due to biased preservation. • Neanderthals as the first and second of the “Three Little Pigs?”• BUT, it IS a choice to make a symbol that outlasts the maker. • Symbolic revolution can thus be only a social revolution in the USE of symbols, not the cognitive ability to make them.12/13/201723Burial of the Dead?Homo NeanderthalensisMaybe? Probably notHomo sapiensClear evidence for burial45Care for others?Good evidence that Neanderthals cared for sick, old, and injured4612/13/20172447Behavioral Innovations within the African Middle Stone Age (280-20 kya): Continuous innovations in Africa shows gradual EVOLUTION, NOT Revolution.This shows that these changes did not arise as a package, but later look like a package when found outside of
View Full Document
Unlocking...