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U of M ANTH 1001 - Lecture 11 10-17-17 Primates

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ANTH1001 Human Evolution Lecture by Rutger Jansma, Spring 2016University of Minnesota, Twin Cities campus 11Course Business• Midterm 1 scores• Mean = 39.5• SD = 6.4• Highest score = 49• Lowest score = 22• 90thpercentile = 46.4• 75thpercentile = 44.3• 50thpercentile = 40.5• 25thpercentile = 35.5• 10thpercentile = 30.32ANTH1001 Human Evolution Lecture by Rutger Jansma, Spring 2016University of Minnesota, Twin Cities campus 2The Primates2/23/173Topics for Today• Why do we study primates?• How does one identify a primate?• What are some primate dietary adaptations?• How do primates locomote (move around)?• How do we classify (group) primates?• What are the different kinds of primates? • Continue with the “living laboratory”4ANTH1001 Human Evolution Lecture by Rutger Jansma, Spring 2016University of Minnesota, Twin Cities campus 3Why do we Study Primates?• Humans are primates.• Primate diversity allows us to examine hownatural selection shapes morphology andbehavior.• Understanding these “rules” will allow us tobetter reconstruct the adaptive pressuresimportant during early human evolution.5Primate Adaptations6ANTH1001 Human Evolution Lecture by Rutger Jansma, Spring 2016University of Minnesota, Twin Cities campus 47What is a Primate?What do all of these animals have in common?The only shared, derived trait in the skeleton of all primates: petrosal auditory bulla.8EctotympanicPetrosalDogPrimateANTH1001 Human Evolution Lecture by Rutger Jansma, Spring 2016University of Minnesota, Twin Cities campus 5• Hard to diagnose: primate features tend tobe primitive and generalized.• Only primates, however, have a suite ofthese certain features.• More useful to discuss evolutionarytrends of modern primates.9Anything else?Evolutionary Trends Among the Primates• Generalized dentition• Emphasis on vision over olfaction • Skeleton adapted for arboreal locomotion• Slow life history• Behavioral emphasis on close social bonds10ANTH1001 Human Evolution Lecture by Rutger Jansma, Spring 2016University of Minnesota, Twin Cities campus 6Generalized dentition• All primates have the same 4 kind of teeth:• Dental formula:– Upper: I-C-P-M – Lower: I-C-P-M 11incisorscanines premolars molarsEmphasis on vision instead of olfaction• Forward-facing eyes• Color vision• Shortened snout12Squirrel PrimateDogLemurMonkeyPrimatesANTH1001 Human Evolution Lecture by Rutger Jansma, Spring 2016University of Minnesota, Twin Cities campus 7Skeleton adapted for arboreal locomotion• Grasping hands and feet• Nails instead of claws• Clavicle13Slow life history• Long gestation period• Small litter size (1-2 offspring)• Long lifespan14Margay CapuchinBody mass4 kg. 3.9 kg.Litter size1-2 1Age at sexualmaturity12-18 months7 yearsMaximum lifespan(in captivity)24 54ANTH1001 Human Evolution Lecture by Rutger Jansma, Spring 2016University of Minnesota, Twin Cities campus 8Behavioral emphasis on close social bonds• Large brain• Strong mother-offspring bonds• Gregarious and social animals• Increased child dependency • Increased parenting behavior15Summary of Primate Traits• Primates combine:161. A primitive, generalized body form:• Generalized dentition• 5 digits per hand• Clavicles2. Several anatomical and behavioral specializations:• Forward facing eyes• Reduced sense of smell• Grasping hands and feet• Nails instead of claws• Slow life histories• Usually single births• Big brainsANTH1001 Human Evolution Lecture by Rutger Jansma, Spring 2016University of Minnesota, Twin Cities campus 917Primate Anatomy18SkeletonANTH1001 Human Evolution Lecture by Rutger Jansma, Spring 2016University of Minnesota, Twin Cities campus 10Diet19INSECTS FRUIT LEAVESInsectivore Frugivore FolivoreIncisorSize Small Large SmallMolar Cusp ShapeTall, spiky, and broad at the bottom Low and roundedTall, sharp, and narrowIntestinesSimple Long smallintestineComplex stomach or enlarged large intestine20Primate Diet & Body Size CorrelatedHigh nutritional yield:• Insects• Fruits• GumsLow nutritional yield:• Leaves• GrassANTH1001 Human Evolution Lecture by Rutger Jansma, Spring 2016University of Minnesota, Twin Cities campus 11Locomotion• Positional repertoire: how anorganism moves and holds itsbody while resting.• Locomotion: the act or powerof moving from place to place.• Posture: the position of anorganism’s body when standingor sitting1. Orthograde2. Pronograde21ClingerQuadrupedBrachiationKnuckle-walker22PosturePronograde:• Long vertebral column• Ribcage long & narrow• Scapula on the side• Limited range of motionOrthograde:• Short vertebral column• Ribcage short & broad• Scapula on the back• Full range of motionmonkeyapeANTH1001 Human Evolution Lecture by Rutger Jansma, Spring 2016University of Minnesota, Twin Cities campus 1223PRONOGRADE ORTHOGRADEWalk on palmsLonger tailLonger, curved fingersWalk on palms / toesShorter tailShorter, straighter fingersGlenoid fossa titled upwardLonger, curved fingersArms much longer than legsGlenoid fossa faces laterallyArms slightly longer than legsShorter, straighter fingersARBOREALTERRESTRIALPrimate Evolution & Taxonomy24ANTH1001 Human Evolution Lecture by Rutger Jansma, Spring 2016University of Minnesota, Twin Cities campus 13Grades or Clades• Grade: a taxon united by a level of morphological and/orphysiological complexity rather than phylogeny.• Clade: a group consisting of its species and all itsdescendants and united by a set of shared, derivedfeatures.25On the NoseStrepsirrhini• “Inward-turning nose”• “wet-nosed” primates• Includes: lemurs and lorisesHaplorhini• “Single or simple nose”• “dry-nosed” primates• Includes: tarsiers, “monkeys”, and apes26Rhinarium PhiltrumANTH1001 Human Evolution Lecture by Rutger Jansma, Spring 2016University of Minnesota, Twin Cities campus 14On the NosePlatyrrhini• “Flat nose”• Includes: New World monkeysCatarrhini• “Downward nose”• Includes: Old World monkeys and apes2728New World MonkeysOld World MonkeysLesser apesOrangutan HumansTarsiersLemurs & LorisesChimpsGorillasProsimians MonkeysApesGreat ApesHumansNew ViewANTH1001 Human Evolution Lecture by Rutger Jansma, Spring 2016University of Minnesota, Twin Cities campus 1529New World MonkeysOld World MonkeysLesser apesOrangutan HumansTarsiersLemurs & LorisesChimpsGorillasPrimate


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U of M ANTH 1001 - Lecture 11 10-17-17 Primates

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