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U of M ANTH 1001 - Lecture 22 12-5-17 Homo erectus

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12/6/20171Homo erectusKNM-WT 15000Nariokotome BoyCourse Business• Final exam:• Tuesday Dec. 19th• Same room and time• 75 questions• ~25% older material• ~75% newer material (since midterm 2)• TA study sessions, attend one (attend all of them if you’d like)12/6/201723Topics• Homo erectus: some details• Behavioral innovations in the Lower & Middle Pleistocene– Use of Fire– Wooden tools– The Acheulean tradition & Increased Logistical Mobility• Homo heidelbergensis, the catch-all of the Middle Pleistocene“GO EAST, YOUNG MAN” (well, “hominin”…): Homo erectus in the low latitudes in the Early Pleistocene, in the middle latitudes by Middle Pleistocene412/6/20173Eugene Du Bois and Pithecanthropus erectus(upright ape-man)Java Man (1891)5Trinil 2 (Java): the first one, so “The Type Specimen” of Homo erectusdiscovered in 1891 by Eugene Duboisdates to around 1.0 -0.7 myrSagittal keelAngulated occipitalLong low vaultBig brow ridges612/6/20174Sinanthropus pekinensis(Chinese man from Peking)• Discovered in 1929 at Zhoukoudian, China• Focus of human origins switches from Europe to Asia• This and 8 other skulls lost during WWII7Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, Jesuit priest, philosopher, & paleontologistSinanthropus pekinensis (1929)Pithecanthropus erectus (1894)priorityPithecanthropus (1894)Homo(Linneaus 1758)H. erectus812/6/20175Zhoukoudien XllHomo erectus from China – Zhoukoudien780,000-300,000 yaangular torusnuchal torus9H. erectus morphology• Date range: 2.0 mya to 30,000 years• 750-1250 c.c. brain size• Thick cranial vault (red arrow)• Subnasal prognathism• Short, wide face• Projecting nose• No chin• Sharply angled occipital• Angular torus (blue line)• Sagital keel (yellow arrow)• Nuchal torus• Supraorbital torus• Supraorbital sulcus1012/6/2017611Return of anterior processingH. erectus incisors & canines emphasize biting & tearing, less well suited for extensive molar chewing, compared to Early Homo & Australopiths.New Lower & Middle Pleistocene Adaptations & Hominins12/6/20177Endurance Running Hypothesis for adaptive innovation of H. erectus13Bramble & Lieberman 2004 NatureBramble & Lieberman 2004 Nature14An External Nose: to moisten air before it hits lungs in the dry & open habitats of the Pleistocene.Important for running…12/6/2017815Body hair reduction withH. erectus’ committed terrestrial bipedalism to allow increased sweating?Looking for derived features for Endurance Running vs. Walking16Modern humanHomo erectusA. afarensisPan troglodytes12/6/20179Homo erectus: the first intercontinental hominin17Homo erectus issues: Mating Systems? 18OH 12 and OH 912/6/201710Cortical Bone thickness and muscular strength and activity: Homo erectus had thick bones 19Temporal trends among H. erectus fossils: Brain size increase starts earlier in Africa2012/6/201711Temporal trends among H. erectus: Body weight estimates from fossil remains show that H. erectus EVENTUALLY had a larger body than earlier hominins did.21Early H. erectus at DmanisiLater H. erectus in East Asia22Precocial Modjokerto Baby, Indonesia• 1.5 years old at death, based on maturation of the cranial bones • Given brain size- had fast growth of brain after birth-not born in altricial state = grew up fast like a chimpanzee rather than a modern human.12/6/20171223Pelvis from a very small female (most likely Homo erectus) with “capacious” birth canal-- 1.5 myr from Gona, EthiopiaMom had enough room to give birth to precocial offspring with relatively mature brains, like an apes. No “CephalopelvicDisproportion”!Modern humanAustralopithecus anamensisAustralopithecus afarensisAustralopithecus africanusParanthropus“A. garhi”Homo habilisHomo rudolfensisHomo erectus2412/6/201713Unlike other organisms, humans acquire a rich body of information from others by teaching, imitation, and other forms of social learning, and this culturally transmitted information strongly influences human behavior. Culture is an essential part of the human adaptation, and as much a part of human biology as bipedal locomotion or thick enamel on our molars.25Robert BoydZhoukoudian, China (“Peking Man”), H. erectus 0.77-0.3 mya26Occupation of middle latitudes indicates tolerance of colder regions than previous hominins, although occupation likely only during warm periods.12/6/201714Colonization of the Middle Latitudes in Europe27By 1.2 maBy 0.80 maDmanisi, by 1.78 maWhat might have made middle latitude colonization more likely?2812/6/20171529Use of fire as a dominant adaptation among humansTechno-organic evolution (continued)3012/6/20171631Maillard Reaction (protein modifications by reducing sugars through heating, i.e. the browning of food): Cooking Doubles Calories.3212/6/20171733Wrangham & Carmody 2010 Evolutionary Anthropology34When does the use of fire appear?12/6/20171835Fire seen by thermoluminescence at Gesher Benot Ya’acov, Israel, at 0.79 myaAlperson-Afil et al. 2007Unburnt lithicsBurnt lithicsGeochemical evidence for fire at 1.0 ma in an Acheuleanlayer at WonderwerkCave, South Africa36Berna et al. 2012 PNAS12/6/20171937Lenticular hearths & other evidence of habitual fire preserved at 0.35 ma•Intact hearths are lenses.•Defined hearths (w/rocks) only after 40 kyaHayonim Cave, Israel.38New ecological niche of terrestrial meat eating: more to share…• By 1.8 mya, there is a divergence in the genetics of the human tapeworm from that of the hyena’s tapeworm. So we were no longer sharing our meat sources with hyenas…12/6/20172039Increased meat eating provides higher quality food (e.g., protein), thus allows brain expansion = The Expensive Tissue Hypothesis40Brain expansion requires high quality food, which means either meat or high quality plant foods (tubers), or both.12/6/20172141Both of these nutritional sources require material culture to acquire.At the same time we see solid evidence for fire (after 1.0 ma), we find…42THE SHAPING OF WOOD!12/6/201722Wooden artifacts at Gesher BenotYa’acov, Israel, at 0.79 mya43Schöningen, Germany: “javelins” in situ with horse bones at 400 kya4412/6/201723Schöningen “javelin” detail45Clacton-on-Sea (England) wooden spear, 300 kya46Wooden weapons carved by stone show significant hunting of medium-sized animals (not just power


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U of M ANTH 1001 - Lecture 22 12-5-17 Homo erectus

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