LABS Lab 1 The Skeleton Ch 1 Scientific Method scientists increase understanding with observing measuring experimenting and using principles of reason empirical data Hypothesis proposed explanation for observed phenomenon can be educated guess or deduction Is testable Prediction logical consequences of what must be the case if the hypothesis is true Scientific Theory hypothesis or group of hypotheses that have been supported by many experiements by many different scientists over a long period of time Moropholgy shape of bones Positional Repertoire forms of locomotion humans have a narrow repertoire chimps have a broader repertoire Lab 2 natural selection Ch 2 4 Evolution change in allele frequency in a population over multiple generations Genotype an individual s genetic makeup Phenotype the observable characteristics of an individual morphology physiology and behavior physical expression of genotype Norm of Reaction phenotypic plasticity or range of phenotypes possible from same genotype due to variations in environment body weight height Trait feature of organism s phenotype hair color testosterone behavior like migration Natural Selection process by which biological traits change in frequency in a population as a result of differential reproductive success Adaptation trait that can be modified over time by natural selection and increases its bearers reproductive success Sexual Selection natural selection traits are slected that increase ability to mate Lab 1 The Skeleton ch 1 Dental Formula 2 1 2 3 incisors canine premolars three molars Lab 2 natural selection Ch 2 4 Stabilizing Selection natural selection extreme values of trait are less successfal than average traits Directional Selection natural selection one extreme is better than the other average moves towards extreme Disruptive Selection natural selection average trait selected against both extremes succeed the two seperate from each other bearers reproductive success Lab 3 Genetics Ch 3 4 Four Forces of Evolution Genetic Drift random change of allele frequencies in a population decreases genetic variation within a population and increases bariation between populations Mutation an error that occurs during the processes of DNA replication or protein synthesis only force that creates new alleles increases within and between populations Gene Flow exchange of alleles between populations interbreeding hybridization increases within and can increase or decrease between Punnett Squares tool to visualize genotypes and phenotypes and determine probabilites for possible genotypes and phenotypes that offspring may exhibit Lab 5 Phylogeny Ancestral Traits revolved in ancestor of that group and present in descendants Cladistics method of reconstructing evolutionary relationships based on shared derived traits Cladogram phylogeny or tree demonstrate degrees of derived similarity among taxa Clade branch on the tree of life ancestor and all of it s decendents Outgroup taxon that branches off farthest down the tree Lumpers prefer broader classifications that keep track of major differences among orgamisms Splitters prefer fine grained classifications that keep track of smaller differences LABS Lab 6 Primate Behavior ch 6 7 8 Hominin all bipedal apes in human lineage after the human chimp split Primate Behavior Biology field of study that examines primate behavior in an evolutionary context Ecology relationships between organisms and their natural environment food Ethogram list of behaviors of a particular species Activity Budget summarizes amount of time an animal devotes to different behaviors Data Collection Methods ad libitum at one s pleasure focal unbiased rates of behavior with measured time incriments scan recording multiple individuals point states are recorded continuous Lab 7 Paleoanthropology ch 5 Chronometric Absolute Dating Techniques Radiometric Dating principle source of absolute ages for rocks naturally occurring radioactive decay of isotopes Potassium Argon K Ar K bearing minerals like mica clay and tephra Argon Argon Ar Ar same materials as K Ar Electron Trap measure effect of radiation on crystalline material Thermoluminescence used on objects that have been heated in past Taphonomy study of decaying organisms over time Lab 7 Paleoanthropology ch 5 Uniformitarianism geological features we see today are the result of natural processes such as sedimentation erosion and rock formation Lacustrine lake sediments Alluvial river sediment Eolian wind sediment Collouvium base or slope of a hill sediments Stratigraphy branch of geology that studies order of rock layers Relative Dating Techniques Faunal Dating faunal succession known ages of species used to infer age of deposit of fossil bones Geomagnetic Polarity tells where the poles were at this time Lab 8 Australopith Postcrania ch 7 8 Foramen Magnum located to back of skull in quadrupeds and bottom center in bipeds Vertebral Column C curve in quadrupeds S curve in bipeds Scapula in quadrupeds pointed cranially for suspension laterally for bipeds Biciptal Groove furrow where bicep muscle passes over the proximal end of humerus Humero femoral Index humerus femur X 100 Valgus Knee femur of bipeds angled inwards Patellar Surface patella kneecap articulates with distal femur large in bipeds Femoral Condyles expanded in bipeds Tibial Platau where tibia articulates with femur Foot bipeds have double arch in foot apes have single Lab 9 Australopith Diet Functional Morphology relates the shape of anatomical structures to their uses Primate Dietary Adaptations Procumbent come out of mouth at an angle for preparing and getting it into mouth Incisiform canines sharp and dagger like Premolar Honing Complex feature in apes with large canines sharpens teeth Prognathic projected forward Orthognathic flat Muscles and Bones Lab 10 early homo ch 9 Flintknapping process of creating stone tools Oldowan Stone Tool Technology Hammerstone used to strike off flakes Platform flat area containing the point of percussion Bulb of Percussion bulge right below the point of percussion Cortex outside rind of nodule Chopper chopping tool Flake Tool edges of a flake retouched with removeal of smaller flakes LABS Lab 11 Homo erectus Biface Handaxe Lab 12 Late Homo ch 10 11 Early Modern Humans direct and late pleistocene ancesters Environmental Adaptations crural index tibia length femur length x 100 Bergmann s Rule within a broadly distributed taxon individuals in colder regions should be larger and warmer
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