ANTH1001 Human Evolution Nieves Col n Tostevin Fall 2023 ChimeIn Which of the 4 mechanisms do you think has exerted the most impact in human evolution A Mutation B Gene Flow C Genetic Drift Click on the In Lecture Chime In link on the course Canvas homepage Load ChimeIn questions in a new window ANTH 1001 Fall 2023 D Selection 1 2 Announcements Reminders Pre lab Quiz 3 due on Sunday Sept 24th by 11 59 pm CST Study guides are available in the last few pages of your lab manual The study guide is NOT an exhaustive list of terms The study guide HELPS organize your own study sessions 2 1 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Nieves Col n Tostevin Fall 2023 Review Four mechanisms of evolution Mutation Gene Flow Genetic Drift Founder effect Population bottleneck Selection Types of selection Genes and traits Image BioNinja 3 3 4 ChimeIn Which of the 4 mechanisms do you think has exerted the most impact in human evolution A Mutation B Gene Flow C Genetic Drift Click on the In Lecture Chime In link on the course Canvas homepage Load ChimeIn questions in a new window ANTH 1001 Fall 2023 D Selection 2 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Nieves Col n Tostevin Fall 2023 ANTH 1001 HUMAN EVOLUTION RACE RACISM HUMAN VARIATION 5 6 Maria Nieves Col n Gilbert Tostevin Department of Anthropology University of Minnesota 5 Today s conversation 1 Why race is not a useful category for describing human diversity 2 Short history of race concepts in science 3 The meaning of the non existence of biological races 4 The biological and health consequences of social experiences of race and racism 3 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Nieves Col n Tostevin Fall 2023 Pan troglodytes verus Western Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes Central Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii Eastern Chimpanzee 7 8 Homo sapiens Modern humans 7 8 4 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Nieves Col n Tostevin Fall 2023 Variation between human populations is HALF as large as variation between chimpanzee populations Race a mutable social category 9 10 Drawing from textbook Geography for beginners 1864 Printed in the USA 10 9 5 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Nieves Col n Tostevin Fall 2023 Many cultures have attempted to classify human diversity But racial categories as we know them today have not always existed Shook et al 2019 11 Variation among African peoples as depicted in Egyptian murals in the tomb of Seti I c 1190 BCE 11 Race a relatively recent concept Ancient Roman historians like Pliny the Elder AD 23 79 divided people into three major groupings Monstrous individuals Civilized peoples Barbarians Barbarians could be other people from Europe who were enemies of Rome 12 Artistic rendition of the Barbarians sacking Rome 12 6 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Nieves Col n Tostevin Fall 2023 Aristotle 384 322 BC categorized all life including humans hierarchically on the Great Chain of Being Aristotle thought certain people were inherently more instinctive rulers others were more naturally fit to be workers or slaves Aristotle s Great Chain of Being These systems of classification were not based on empirical evidence but still influenced later thinkers Carolus Linnaeus 1707 1778 developed the hierarchical taxonomical system we use today 13 14 13 14 7 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Nieves Col n Tostevin Fall 2023 Linnaeus was the first taxonomist to group humans with other primates He also classified humans into four hierarchically ordered races based on skin color and behavior Early European taxonomists disagreed on exactly how many races existed and how to define them Quadrupeds in Systema Naturae 2nd edition 1740 Image The Linnean Society 15 Johan Friedrich Blumenbach 1752 1840 classified humans into five hierarchical races based on skull shape Proposed the original form of the human cranium was Caucasian 15 16 16 8 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Nieves Col n Tostevin Fall 2023 Colonialism and Imperialism Landing of Cortes at Vera Cruz 1519 Fresco by Diego Rivera 1951 in National Palace Mexico City 17 Sugar Cane by Diego Rivera 1931 18 9 17 18 Violent colonial encounters Othering Establish a division between us and them Colonialism contributed to a European sense of inherent superiority and destiny to rule over lesser races Economic incentive to support this with scientific justification ANTH1001 Human Evolution Nieves Col n Tostevin Fall 2023 Scientific Racism The use of scientific methods to justify hierarchical racial categories Examples Anthropometry Phrenology Left Grades of Intelligence according to physiognomy and skull size Author Unknown 1850 Right Man has his nose measured to determine his race Nuremberg Germany 1940s 19 19 20 Samuel Morton 1799 1851 associated skull traits and physical characteristics with behavior intelligence values and morals Supported the idea that some people were essentially superior to others and justified violent oppression From Types of Mankind By Gliddon and Nott 1854 Philadelphia 20 10 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Nieves Col n Tostevin Fall 2023 Eugenics Eugenic ideas influenced immigration policy anti miscegenation and segregation laws in the USA 21 21 22 The movement that inspired the Holocaust TedEd 2022 4 59 mins A Minna Stern N Lira 22 11 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Nieves Col n Tostevin Fall 2023 In the 1900s scientists finally start to recognize that racial categories are inconsistent with the pattern of human variation Franz Boas 1858 1942 demonstrates cranial form is not necessarily linked to intelligence or behavior While individuals differ biological differences between races are small There is no reason to believe that one race is by nature so much more intelligent endowed with great willpower or emotionally more stable than another that the difference would materially influence its culture 1931 6 Franz Boas 23 24 Franz Boas portrait c 1915 Public domain 23 Franz Boas portrait c 1915 Public domain 24 12 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Nieves Col n Tostevin Fall 2023 Scientists start to find that the patterning of genetic variation does not support racial categories Scientific racism is recognized as deeply flawed and based on faulty assumptions about the complexity of human traits 25 25 26 US Census 1860 26 13 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Nieves Col n Tostevin Fall 2023 US Census 1930 27 US Census 2020 28 27 28 14 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Nieves Col n Tostevin Fall 2023 Brazil National Household Sample Survey 2006 29 Racial concepts do not map onto patterns of genetic variability and ancestry Africa 29 30 30 15 ANTH1001 Human Evolution Nieves Col n Tostevin
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