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U of M ANTH 1001 - Lecture 23 12-5-17 Mid Pleistocene Homo

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12/6/201712Pliocene transport of rock (during the Oldowan) for stone tools was 2-3 miles (up to 8 miles max).Transport of rock during the Early & Middle Pleistocene (during the Acheulean) jumps to a mean of 8 miles (over 50 miles max).Another jump in planning depth beyond that of Oldowan hominins.12/6/201723H. Heidelbergensis as the catch-all for Middle Pleistocene Hominin descendantsof H. erectus: • Roughly 900-200 kya• Increased brain size from H. erectus: up to 1390 cc.• Shares some derived features with living humans• Retains some primitive H. erectus features• Still NOT modern human life history pattern: body grows slightly faster than us.• Low life expectancy compared to modern humans.• Hard bodily labor.• Some split H. heidelbergenis: H. rhodesiensis = Africa; H. heidelbergenis = Europe4KNM-ER 3733H. Erectus(East Africa)H. heidelbergensisAfricaS. Europe12/6/20173Defining Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens• Large and gracile skull• Rounded cranium• Large, pyramidal mastoid process• Small face• Canine fossa• Chin• Long lower limbs56African H. heidelbergensis,Kabwe (Broken Hill), Zambia• Robust supraorbital torus• Occipital torus.• 1280 cc brain.• At least 400 kyaArchaic Homo sapiens?12/6/201747H. heidelbergensis from Europe7Is there nothing more interesting to say about H. heidelbergensis?812/6/201759Site of Sima de los Huesos(Atapuerca, Spain)• 600 kya.• 32 individuals!!!• 1390 cc. braincase • Variable population.10Sima de los Huesos (Atapuerca, Spain)• 600 kya.• 32 individuals allows more robust statistical tests of body size sexual dimorphism: First evidence for reduced sexual dimorphism similar to modern humans12/6/20176Middle Pleistocene: a period of huge research potential11Evolution of the human pair-bond12Guess which one is true (almost!):12/6/2017713Summer, 2004Homo floresiensisFound at the Cave site of Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia1412/6/20178Homo floresiensis,now known to date between 100-60 ka(contra textbook)© P. brown15Crossing the Wallace Line (red above) would have necessitated a water crossing.16The unfortunately named“Hobbit People” Homo floresiensis,between 100-60 ka12/6/20179Brain size fits a very primitive trajectory17Simulating a scaled-down H. erectus18simulated configurationdBaab & McNulty 2009 Journal of Human Evolution12/6/201710An allometric model predicts that a very small fossil hominin would look like the Flores “Hobbits”!PC 1: 63%PC 2: 27%Liang BuaDmanisiER 1813H. erectusArch. H. sapiens19gorillaschimpanzeesbonobosModern humansBaab & McNulty 2009 Journal of Human EvolutionHomo floresiensis100-60 kya descendents of Homo erectus, subjected to island dwarfism© P. brown2012/6/201711Homo sapiens sapiensAustralopithecus anamensisAustralopithecus afarensisAustralopithecus africanusParanthropus“A. garhi”Homo habilisHomo rudolfensisHomo erectusHomo heidelbergensisHomo neanderthalensisHomo floresiensis212222Neanderthal Anatomy & Behavior12/6/20171223Homo sapiens sapiensAustralopithecus anamensisAustralopithecus afarensisAustralopithecus africanusParanthropus“A. garhi”Homo habilisHomo rudolfensisHomo erectusHomo heidelbergensis23Homo neanderthalensis2424Topics• Neanderthal Anatomy and Behavior– Robusticity & climatic adaptation– Diet– Burial? Care for conspecifics?– Material culture12/6/20171325Neanderthals: Gods or Monsters?History of discovery• 1830, Engis cave (Belgium) child• 1848, Forbes’ Quarry (Gibraltar)• 1856, Feldhofer Cave (Neander Tal (valley), Germany)– Herman Schaafhausen interpreted these bones as representing a “race” of primitive, prehistoric people2612/6/20171427Marcellin Boule’s reconstruction of the La Chapelle remains in 1911 influenced our image of Neanderthals for many decadesMarcellin Boule’s reconstruction28Neanderthals are confined from Europe to Central Asia12/6/20171529Neanderthal morphology• Average cranial capacity– Female: 1300 cc– Male: 1600 cc– Well above modern human average but not when scaled to body size• Long, low cranial vault• Curved brow ridge29Neanderthal cranial features3012/6/2017163132Neanderthal morphology• Occipital bun• Large, prognathic midface• Cheek bones placed posteriorly relative to face• Large nasal aperture• Retromolar space• Uniquely derived inner ear morphologyNeanderthal32Modern Human12/6/20171733Neanderthal derived dental morphology: taurodont molars34Homo heidelbergensis in Europe on its way to Neanderthals• 600 kya shows H. heidelbergensispopulation in Europe differentiating towards Neanderthal features, particularly the double-arched supraorbital torus and midfacial prognathism.12/6/20171835Neanderthal: “early Homo”-like life history (NOT modern)• This Neanderthal who died at age 8 would have been fully mature 4 years earlier than a modern human• Smith et al 2007, PNAS December 18, 200736Robust postcrania:Note wider pelvic basin in Neanderthal12/6/201719Neanderthal vs. Modern HandLarger apical tufts on Neanderthals: strenuous work.37Note more equal lengths of distal and proximal phalanx in Neanderthal. Creates a stronger grasp on large objects, poorer grasp at the finger


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U of M ANTH 1001 - Lecture 23 12-5-17 Mid Pleistocene Homo

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