Speech Communication 100Adler – Chapter 3LanguageIntroduction of Main Topics- What is Language- Power of Language- Troublesome Language- Gender & Language- Culture & LanguageWhat is Language?- Definitiono A collection of symbols governed by rules, and sued to convey messages between individualso Symbolico Meanings are in peopleo Meanings are socially constructedo We may use words differently than otherso Negotiation of meaning- Rule Governedo Phonological rules – how words are pronouncedo Syntactic rules – structure of languageo Semantic rules – meaningso Pragmatic rules – use of language, interpretationPower of Language- Do names have power?- Language choice influences credibility and status- Sexism- Racism- Language reflects attitudes- Powerless Languageo Hedges – ex. “I’m sorta” or “I’m kinda”o Hesitation – “Um, well, uh”o Intensifiers – “So that’s how I feel”o Polite form – “Excuse me”o Tag Questions – “ Isn’t it”o Disclaimers” – “I’m sure, but …”- Acceptance of Responsibilityo “I’ verses “You”o It verses Io Questions verses statementsTroublesome Language- Equivocal language – more than one meaning- Relative words – comparison related- Slang – language from a co-culture- Jargon – technical, specialized vocab- Abstract language- Identification of different types of statementso Fact – verifiableo Opinion – speakers beliefso Inference – speakers belief about why a fact occurred- Euphemisms – substitution of words which are more pleasant (face-saving)- Equivocation – vague statementsGender & Language- Content differences- Reasons for Communication- Conversational StyleCulture & Language- Each language has its own style- Low verses High context Communication Styleso Low Context Explicit verbal message Less focus on situational context Self expression is valued Opinions are stated Persuasion is often attempted Verbal fluency is admired- High Contexto Less reliant on explicit verbal messageso Contextual clues are very importanto Less direct opinion givingo Refrain from directly saying “no”o Use silenceo Harmony is
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