But, studies have shown that liars do…Parent: “So what did you really do last night…”Ex. Lie to professor…fail courseFinally, Four-Factor Model argues because lying mentally taxes individual more than telling truth…this over expenditure of mental energy causes liars behave differently people telling truth.But what about gender?Surprise-party for friend…you need tell story get them out house…Easier to lie to police officer about running stop sign than robbing bank.Another important factor how well we detect deception is if we haveLie bias- Perception that certain person is usually liar.Lastly, contrary popular belief…probing or quizzing liar about topic you think they’re lying about…Ex. 10, 11, 12, year old boys…it they like girl…find that easiest way to letIn addition to being primarily relational, Nonverbal Communication is “Ambiguous” as well.Agenda: Week 5*Nonverbal communication1. Defined2. Some cultural examples of the relativity of NV comm.*Deception 1. Defined2. Types of lies (2)3. Deceptive behavior4. Deception detection & situational variables5. Deceptive behavior revisited-The four factor model-The sending capacity hypothesis-The gender variable & more!*Some final distinctions regarding NV Comm.NONVERBAL COMMUNICATIONVerbal Communication consists solely of the words that make up a message. All other aspects of message can be defined as nonverbal communication.So nonverbal communication doesn’t consist only of nonvocal communication like gesture or facial expressions…It also consists of non-linguistic but vocal communications such as voice tone, loudness, and pitch.First of all…we must remember that all communication is symbolic & arbitrary…Therefore…we shouldn’t be surprised that nonverbal behavior varies form culture to culture.First off , “gestures” often have different meaning in different cultures.Ex. We all know what giving or getting “The finger” means in United States…But people in most other countries would have no idea what we meant if we flashed them “The finger.” Ex. The “O.K.” gesture we use in U.S. to indicate approval or well being… Means “You are worth nothing” in France & Belgium… Represents sexual insult in Greece & Turkey.-The meaning behind eye contact also varies across cultures. Ex. Asian cultures tend avoid eye contact when speaking & listening more than members of European, Australian, or United States cultures in general… …But especially when person of low status communicating w/ member of high status. For instance…if Chinese student misbehaves…being corrected by teacher…if student avoids eye contact: indication of respect & remorse! If student makes eye contact: indication or disrespect & defiance. Exactly opposite true in United States or Europe. And meaning behind eye contact varies even in United States. Ex. Caucasians Americans taught to look authority figures in eye… Traditionally, African Americans are taught to avoid eye contact w/ authorities.-Sensory Involvement also varies across cultures.Sensory involvement refers to how touching & smelling behaviors are interpreted in different cultures.I’m going read you passage from book Communicating With Arabs that illustrates this point well. “To the Arab, to be able to smell a friend is reassuring. Smelling is a way of being involved with another, and to deny a friend his breath would be to act ashamed. In some rural Middle Eastern areas, when Arab intermediaries callto inspect a prospective bride for a relative, they sometimes ask to smell her. Their purpose is not to make sure she is freshly scrubbed; apparently what they’re looking for is any lingering odor of anger or discontent. In contrast, United States Americans seem to maintain their distance and suppress their sense of smell.”-What is considered appropriate touching also varies across cultures.Ex. Latin Americans & Middle Easterners engage more touching activity than United States Americans & Europeans… But U.S. Americans & Europeans touch far more than people in Asian cultures.Obviously…point here is that skilled intercultural communicator is knowledgeable about communication patterns of other cultures……Adapts his or her behavior to host culture.**Now of course…there are examples of universal non-verbal behaviors.For example, facial expressions people use express emotions are very similar across cultures.Smiling and laughing seem to indicate happiness no matter what culture you’re in. So people everywhere experience happiness, sadness, anger, & regret……& facial expressions people use to express these emotions very similarregardless of culture…But what differs across cultures is how appropriate emotional expression is.Ex. In Asian cultures, people are expected to suppress their emotions asmuch as possible… In African cultures, emotional expression is considered appropriate or even admirable. United States…mainstream European-American culture falls between Asian & African cultures on appropriateness emotional expression. Ex. NFL & NBA…Joe Horn, Terrel Owens, Kevin Garnett… Judged as too emotional by mainstream Caucasian media… LPGA…Many Asian Ladies…too unemotional by mainstream Caucasian media.So while all people feel same emotion…how much they express emotions varies from culture to culture…My recommendation is “Do what host culture does.”If you’re in Japan…playing golf w/business client…make great shot…DON’T thump your chest or howl like werewolf. OK: Before we get into some definitions & concepts that are important to know when attempting to understand our own & others nonverbal behavior..…I’d like spend some time on my favorite area of non verbal study: DECEPTION ****Paul: Do Gass’ Activity Now: Embarrasing Story**** Deception involves verbal behavior & nonverbal behavior…but since we won’t get chance talk about deception again…I’m going to talk about both types deception now.Deception can be defined as “A general persuasive strategy that aims at influencing the beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of others.”There are two types of lies: Benign Fabrications &
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